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Wordlist: Mind & Speech

This page will contain list of words related to higher nervous functions: speech, thinking and emotions. For personal qualities and abstract traits of character see category Quality, for sensory perception see category Senses.

English	Nûrlâm	Part of speech	Etymology	Comments
(prospective aspect suffix)	uth	adv	NL < Gnomish “mu”, “mutha” (will, I am going to, I am about to) + LOS “gûth” (almost, nearly)	usually have a tone of intention; see also verb “pant-”
abandon	hôgh-	v	NL < Quenya “hehta”, Telerin “hecta” < root “HEK” (aside, apart, separate); compare with “hîg-”
abhor	dolb-	v	NL < Noldorin “delb” (horrible, abominable, loathsome), “delw” (hateful, deadly, fell) < Etym. “DYEL” (feel fear and disgust, abhor) as in early “Dor Deadhelos” (Land of the Shadow of Abomination)	strong disgust
abide	bronb-	v	NL < Noldorin “brenia” (to endure), “bronwe” (endurance) < Etym. “BOR”, “BORON”
accept	bhûl-	v	LOS	more about thoughts than material objects
accuse	slog-	v	NL < LOS “sloi-” (to accuse); changed according to Nûrlâm rules
act	okt-	v	NL, merging “ok” with Primitive Elvish “okma” (an evil deed), Qenya “ohta-karo” (act of war); resemblance to English “act” is accidental or through Tolkien’s pun in QL
actual	kog	adj	NL < ZA “kog-” (to speak, tell truth)
actually	kogarz	adv	see “kog”
admire	ilm-	v	NL < Gnomish “elm(en)” (wonder, marvel, n.)	usually passive with object in Instrumental case
afraid	uglaga	pastp	see “ugl-”	object of fear should be in Instrumental case, however in colloquial speech it may be in Genitive, as in English
agree	akh-	v	LOS	with somebody – use Comitative case
altar	gorthin	n	NL, lit. “worship-place”, cognate with Gnomish “gorthin” (fane, temple)	place of worship, place for sacrifice
anger	uruth	n	NL < Sindarin “oroth”, “rûth”, Quenya “ursa” < Primitive Elvish root “RUTH”
annoy	fizg-	v	NL < Gnomish “fesca”
argue	bugb-	v	LOS, HG < SV “bugjab-” (lit. “against say”)	use with objects in Comitative or Accusative case
arouse	yor-	v	NL < Noldorin “îr” (sexual desire) < Etym. “YER” (feel sexual desire) + Old Noldorin “or”, Noldorin “eria” (to rise) < Etym. “ORO” (up, rise, high); compare with EH “ghêr” with similar etymology; resemblance to Slavic root “yar” (bright, fiery, hot, fury, frenzy, passionate, very) is accidental; compare with “hûr”	mostly about sexual desire
assume	ton-	v	NL < LOS “tonprakh” < SV (to suppose, presume) < LL “prakh” (to lure)
astute	tunkûrz	adj	NL < Qenya “tunke” (bright, smart, witty)
attaint	bagd-	v	NL, merging LOS, SV, HG “bâk” (n) < MB with TK “bag” (excrement), Gnomish “naud” (ashamed, abashed) < early Primitive Elvish root “NAWA” (dwarf) and Qenya “naitya” (to damage, abuse, put to shame)	add clitic reflexive pronoun “-îm” for meaning “be ashamed, cringe”
attitude	okturm	n	NL, merging “ok” with Primitive Elvish “okma” (an evil deed), Qenya “ohta-karo” (act of war)
augur	falkh-	v	NL < SV “falk” (to toss a dice, bone) < MERP “flak” < Albanian (to throw, cast)	literally “toss the bones / dices” букв. “раскинуть кости”
await	darb-	v	NL < Etym. “DAR”
awry	raik	adj	NL < Quenya “raika” (also “crooked, bent”), Noldorin “rhoeg” < Etym. “RÁYAK”, “RAG”; also Gnomish “raig” (awry, twisted, distorted, perverted, wrong)	systematically wrong; wrong by nature, behavior
be about to	pant-	v	NL < Qenya “panya-” (to plan, arrange, intend, mean) + Quenya “tel-”, Sindarin “thel” (to intend); Gnomish “panta-” (to arrange, order, settle, set, put, place)	used together with other verb in infinitive; may be replaced with suffix of prospective aspect (-uth) or gerundive of dependent verb
be about to	uth	adv	NL < Gnomish “mu”, “mutha” (will, I am going to, I am about to) + LOS “gûth” (almost, nearly)	usually have a tone of intention; see also verb “pant-”
be blue	dimb-	v	NL < Ilkorin “dimb” (sad), “dim” (gloom) < Etym. “DEM”
be curious	kizg-	v	NL < Quenya “cesya” (to cause interest, to cause one to enquire) < “ces” (to search, examine)	to want to know; use with object in instrumental case
be glad	glaz-	v	NL, see “glaz” (adj.)	usually intransitive, clarify meaning “to delight” with object in Dative case instead of Accusative
be going to	pant-	v	NL < Qenya “panya-” (to plan, arrange, intend, mean) + Quenya “tel-”, Sindarin “thel” (to intend); Gnomish “panta-” (to arrange, order, settle, set, put, place)	used together with other verb in infinitive; may be replaced with suffix of prospective aspect (-uth) or gerundive of dependent verb
be going to	uth	adv	NL < Gnomish “mu”, “mutha” (will, I am going to, I am about to) + LOS “gûth” (almost, nearly)	usually have a tone of intention; see also verb “pant-”
be interested (in)	kizg-	v	NL < Quenya “cesya” (to cause interest, to cause one to enquire) < “ces” (to search, examine)	to want to know; use with object in instrumental case
be patient	brond-	adj	NL, merging “bronb-” (to endure) < Etym. “BORON” with “darb-” (to await) and Qenya “perendie” (patience) < earlier root “PERE” (to endure)
be sad	dimb-	v	NL < Ilkorin “dimb” (sad), “dim” (gloom) < Etym. “DEM”
be up to	pant-	v	NL < Qenya “panya-” (to plan, arrange, intend, mean) + Quenya “tel-”, Sindarin “thel” (to intend); Gnomish “panta-” (to arrange, order, settle, set, put, place)	used together with other verb in infinitive; may be replaced with suffix of prospective aspect (-uth) or gerundive of dependent verb
be wise	gol-	v	TK, AO, UT, PN “golug”; Etym. “ÑGOL” (wise), compare with “gûl”	means deeper, secret knowledge, wisdom
bear (pain, trouble)	bronb-	v	NL < Noldorin “brenia” (to endure), “bronwe” (endurance) < Etym. “BOR”, “BORON”
before long	uth	adv	NL < Gnomish “mu”, “mutha” (will, I am going to, I am about to) + LOS “gûth” (almost, nearly)	usually have a tone of intention; see also verb “pant-”
behave	okt-	v	NL, merging “ok” with Primitive Elvish “okma” (an evil deed), Qenya “ohta-karo” (act of war); resemblance to English “act” is accidental or through Tolkien’s pun in QL
behavior	okturm	n	NL, merging “ok” with Primitive Elvish “okma” (an evil deed), Qenya “ohta-karo” (act of war)
behaviour	okturm	n	NL, merging “ok” with Primitive Elvish “okma” (an evil deed), Qenya “ohta-karo” (act of war)
belief	samburm	n	NL, see “samb-”	uncountable
believe	kân-	v	LOS < HG “kan-”	believe what the person says
believe (in)	samb-	v	NL, merging Quenya “sav-” (to believe) < Primitive Elvish “SAB” with LOS “tum” < SV	believe in what person does, believe in idea
bet (on)	fadr-	v	NL < Quenya “vanda” (oath, pledge, solemn promise)
betray	fûrth-	v	NL < LOS (LUG) “fûr-” + Noldorin “gwarth” (betrayer) < Etym. “WAR” (give way, yield, not endure, let down, betray)
bewail	brûg-	v	LOS (SN) (only “to lament”)
blame	slog-	v	NL < LOS “sloi-” (to accuse); changed according to Nûrlâm rules
bode	faltan	n	NL, merging “falg”, “falt” with “tan” (see corresponding articles); lit. “sign of fortune”
boring	frâd	adj	NL < LOS “frâtûrz” (tired, weary); changed according to Nûrlâm objectives and to make connection with Gnomish “fadrog” (tiresome)
bother	mudh-	v	NL < RN < LOS, HG “mudhn-”	transitive
brain	tunk	n	NL < Qenya “tunke” (bright, smart, witty)
bring up	ûrth-	v	NL < LOS “ûrt-” (to raise) < Quenya “orta” (to raise, rise, lift); changed to avoid cognates	take care of children
calm (down)	bort-	v	NL < HG “borz” (n)
care	mudh-	v	NL < RN < LOS, HG “mudhn-”	transitive
care (for)	girkh-	v	NL < merging Gnomish “grith-” (to attend to, tend, care, care for), “hirtha-” (to care for, mind, tend; to care, reck, mind) with LOS “gakh” (to care) < HG	use with object in Dative case
carouse	dafr-	v	LOS, HG < SV “dafar” < MERP; compare with Gnomish “dair” (play, merriment) < Etym. “TYAL” (play)
catastrophe	nîrth	n	NL, merging “nîth-” (complain), “nirz” (corrupted) (see corresponding articles) with Qenya “nyére” (grief), Gnomish “nîr” (compare with “Mornie”, a ship of the dead souls) < Etym. “NAY” (lament), Primitive Elvish roots “NAY” (cause bitter grief or pain), “ŊAHYA” (hurt, grieve), “NYEHE” (weep)	more like about some disastrous event; add abstract suffix “-urm” to clarify meaning of reaction to it
celebrate	flûst-	v	LOS	to make party in honor of some person or event
certain	durt	adj	LOS
certainly	durtarz	adv	see “durt”
certainly	rûzarz	adv	see “rûz”
cheat	fûrth-	v	NL < LOS (LUG) “fûr-” + Noldorin “gwarth” (betrayer) < Etym. “WAR” (give way, yield, not endure, let down, betray)
cheat	prakh-	v	all major dialects < LL (to lure); other meanings were added in SV
cheer	gomb-	v	NL < Qenya “yambo” (cheer, shout of triumph), Gnomish “gôm” (shout, call) < Primitive Elvish root “YAMA”
cherish	ûrth-	v	NL < LOS “ûrt-” (to raise) < Quenya “orta” (to raise, rise, lift); changed to avoid cognates	take care of children
clever	tunkûrz	adj	NL < Qenya “tunke” (bright, smart, witty)
competition	mund	n	SV < MERP	скорее “игры”
conceive	noth-	v	NL < Noldorin “nauth” (thought), “nautha-” (to conceive), Quenya “nause” (imagination) < Etym. “NOWO”
conception	nobh	n	NL < Noldorin “naw” (idea) < Etym. “NOWO” (to think, imagine)
conjecture	falkh-	v	NL < SV “falk” (to toss a dice, bone) < MERP “flak” < Albanian (to throw, cast)	literally “toss the bones / dices” букв. “раскинуть кости”
connotate	idr-	v	NL < Etym. “ID” (heart, desire, wish); compare with Noldorin “idhren” (pondering, wise, thoughtful), “idher” (thoughtfulness) of same etymology
conscience	bilf	n	NL < Gnomish “(be)bilfir”, Primitive Elvish “b’ilf”
consider	ûst-	v	NL, merging LOS “ûs-” (to think) with Gnomish “sad” (to reck, care, value, esteem, show respect for, consider)
considering that	ûstug zamash	expr	NL, see “ûst-”, “zamash”
considering this	ûstug za	expr	NL, see “ûst-”, “za”
contemn	graid-	v	NL < Neo-Sindarin “agreitha” (to despise, contemn) < Gnomish “agrectha” < “craitho-” (to spit) < early roots “KEREK”, “KREK”, “KEREKE”	to openly, intentionally disobey a rule, law, person целенаправленно игнорировать правило, закон, команды; также “не повиноваться”
contemn	poin-	v	NL < SV, HG “ponî-” < MERP (n.) (awe); compare with Etym. “SPAY”; compare with NL “pûth” (to spit) < Etym. “PIW”	less strong than “dolb-”
contest	mund	n	SV < MERP	скорее “игры”
contradict	bugb-	v	LOS, HG < SV “bugjab-” (lit. “against say”)	use with objects in Comitative or Accusative case
correct	than	adj	NL < Sindarin “thand”, Noldorin “thenid”, Quenya “sanda” < Etym. “STAN” (firm, fix, decide, true, regular)
count (on)	samb-	v	NL, merging Quenya “sav-” (to believe) < Primitive Elvish “SAB” with LOS “tum” < SV	believe in what person does, believe in idea
cradle	lûrzh-	v	NL, merging “lor-” (to sleep) with “lûzh-” (to swing); see corresponding articles	rock, swing to sleep smb.
crazy	trîn	adj	LOS < SV
credo	samburm	n	NL, see “samb-”	uncountable
creed	samburm	n	NL, see “samb-”	uncountable
cry	blord-	v	LOS	cry with tears
cunning	krip	n	NL < Qenya “karpale” (a plucking, tucking, wrenching, deceiving, tricking) < early Primitive Elvish root “KṚPṚ” (to pluck)	a deceiving move
cunning	tunkûrz	adj	NL < Qenya “tunke” (bright, smart, witty)
curious	kizgûrz	adj	NL, see “kizg-”
danger	bai	n	all major DBS dialects < MB
danger	razg	n	NL < Quenya “raxë”
dare	hûr-	v	LOS < TK PN “Mauhûr”, Noldorin “hûr” (vigour, fiery spirit) < Etym. “KHOR”
daresay	ton-	v	NL < LOS “tonprakh” < SV (to suppose, presume) < LL “prakh” (to lure)
deal (with)	magd-	v	NL < Quenya “mahta”, Sindarin “maetha” (to handle, wield, deal with, treat) < Etym. “MAGH” (hand), “MAG” (to use, handle), Primitive Elvish root “MAH” (to handle, manage, control, wield); compare with NL “mâgz”, “maug-”, “mog”[3]
deceit	krip	n	NL < Qenya “karpale” (a plucking, tucking, wrenching, deceiving, tricking) < early Primitive Elvish root “KṚPṚ” (to pluck)	a deceiving move
deceive	prakh-	v	all major dialects < LL (to lure); other meanings were added in SV
decide	prudh-	v	NL, merging Gnomish “pridu” < Primitive Elvish root “PṚTṚ” (to judge) with LOS “urdan-” < SV < MERP “urdân” (command, n), “urdanog-” (to command) < Albanian “urdhëroj” ?
defame	bagd-	v	NL, merging LOS, SV, HG “bâk” (n) < MB with TK “bag” (excrement), Gnomish “naud” (ashamed, abashed) < early Primitive Elvish root “NAWA” (dwarf) and Qenya “naitya” (to damage, abuse, put to shame)	add clitic reflexive pronoun “-îm” for meaning “be ashamed, cringe”
defy	bugb-	v	LOS, HG < SV “bugjab-” (lit. “against say”)	use with objects in Comitative or Accusative case
defy	graid-	v	NL < Neo-Sindarin “agreitha” (to despise, contemn) < Gnomish “agrectha” < “craitho-” (to spit) < early roots “KEREK”, “KREK”, “KEREKE”	to openly, intentionally disobey a rule, law, person целенаправленно игнорировать правило, закон, команды; также “не повиноваться”
delight	glaz-	v	NL, see “glaz” (adj.)	usually intransitive, clarify meaning “to delight” with object in Dative case instead of Accusative
demeanor	okturm	n	NL, merging “ok” with Primitive Elvish “okma” (an evil deed), Qenya “ohta-karo” (act of war)
desire	ghîr-	v	NL < LP “ghêr” < Noldorin “îr”, Quenya “írë”, “yére”	together with verb in infinitive, noun in dative or genitive case
despair	narkh-	v	NL < merging TK “nar” (negative particle) + NL “khard-” (to hope) < Noldorin “hartha-” with Sindarin “naer”, Quenya “naira” (dreadful, unendurable) < Etym. “NAY” (lament), “NÁYAK” (pain) with Qenya “naira” (dire, grievous) < Primitive Elvish “ŊAHYA”	intansitive
desperate	hîrd	adj	NL, merging Gnomish “uchirthol” (reckless, careless) with NL “khard-” (to hope); see also “narkh-” (to despair)
desperate	hûrz	adj	NL < TK PN “Mauhúr”; ? Noldorin “hûr” (vigour, fiery spirit) < Etym. “KHOR”
despise	graid-	v	NL < Neo-Sindarin “agreitha” (to despise, contemn) < Gnomish “agrectha” < “craitho-” (to spit) < early roots “KEREK”, “KREK”, “KEREKE”	to openly, intentionally disobey a rule, law, person целенаправленно игнорировать правило, закон, команды; также “не повиноваться”
despise	poin-	v	NL < SV, HG “ponî-” < MERP (n.) (awe); compare with Etym. “SPAY”; compare with NL “pûth” (to spit) < Etym. “PIW”	less strong than “dolb-”
detest	poin-	v	NL < SV, HG “ponî-” < MERP (n.) (awe); compare with Etym. “SPAY”; compare with NL “pûth” (to spit) < Etym. “PIW”	less strong than “dolb-”
difficulty	traz	n	NL < Noldorin “trasta” (to harass, trouble), Old Noldorin “tarsa” (trouble, n.)	light inconvenience
disagree	bugb-	v	LOS, HG < SV “bugjab-” (lit. “against say”)	use with objects in Comitative or Accusative case
disagreement	bugburm	n	NL < LOS, HG “bugb-” (disagree)
discard	hôgh-	v	NL < Quenya “hehta”, Telerin “hecta” < root “HEK” (aside, apart, separate); compare with “hîg-”
discord	bugburm	n	NL < LOS, HG “bugb-” (disagree)
discredit	bagd-	v	NL, merging LOS, SV, HG “bâk” (n) < MB with TK “bag” (excrement), Gnomish “naud” (ashamed, abashed) < early Primitive Elvish root “NAWA” (dwarf) and Qenya “naitya” (to damage, abuse, put to shame)	add clitic reflexive pronoun “-îm” for meaning “be ashamed, cringe”
disdain	poin-	v	NL < SV, HG “ponî-” < MERP (n.) (awe); compare with Etym. “SPAY”; compare with NL “pûth” (to spit) < Etym. “PIW”	less strong than “dolb-”
disgrace	bagd-	v	NL, merging LOS, SV, HG “bâk” (n) < MB with TK “bag” (excrement), Gnomish “naud” (ashamed, abashed) < early Primitive Elvish root “NAWA” (dwarf) and Qenya “naitya” (to damage, abuse, put to shame)	add clitic reflexive pronoun “-îm” for meaning “be ashamed, cringe”
dishonor	bagd-	v	NL, merging LOS, SV, HG “bâk” (n) < MB with TK “bag” (excrement), Gnomish “naud” (ashamed, abashed) < early Primitive Elvish root “NAWA” (dwarf) and Qenya “naitya” (to damage, abuse, put to shame)	add clitic reflexive pronoun “-îm” for meaning “be ashamed, cringe”
dislike	poin-	v	NL < SV, HG “ponî-” < MERP (n.) (awe); compare with Etym. “SPAY”; compare with NL “pûth” (to spit) < Etym. “PIW”	less strong than “dolb-”
disobey	graid-	v	NL < Neo-Sindarin “agreitha” (to despise, contemn) < Gnomish “agrectha” < “craitho-” (to spit) < early roots “KEREK”, “KREK”, “KEREKE”	to openly, intentionally disobey a rule, law, person целенаправленно игнорировать правило, закон, команды; также “не повиноваться”
disregard	graid-	v	NL < Neo-Sindarin “agreitha” (to despise, contemn) < Gnomish “agrectha” < “craitho-” (to spit) < early roots “KEREK”, “KREK”, “KEREKE”	to openly, intentionally disobey a rule, law, person целенаправленно игнорировать правило, закон, команды; также “не повиноваться”
distorted	raik	adj	NL < Quenya “raika” (also “crooked, bent”), Noldorin “rhoeg” < Etym. “RÁYAK”, “RAG”; also Gnomish “raig” (awry, twisted, distorted, perverted, wrong)	systematically wrong; wrong by nature, behavior
distress	nîrth	n	NL, merging “nîth-” (complain), “nirz” (corrupted) (see corresponding articles) with Qenya “nyére” (grief), Gnomish “nîr” (compare with “Mornie”, a ship of the dead souls) < Etym. “NAY” (lament), Primitive Elvish roots “NAY” (cause bitter grief or pain), “ŊAHYA” (hurt, grieve), “NYEHE” (weep)	more like about some disastrous event; add abstract suffix “-urm” to clarify meaning of reaction to it
disturb	mudh-	v	NL < RN < LOS, HG “mudhn-”	transitive
divine	falkh-	v	NL < SV “falk” (to toss a dice, bone) < MERP “flak” < Albanian (to throw, cast)	literally “toss the bones / dices” букв. “раскинуть кости”
dogma	samburm	n	NL, see “samb-”	uncountable
dolor	nîrth	n	NL, merging “nîth-” (complain), “nirz” (corrupted) (see corresponding articles) with Qenya “nyére” (grief), Gnomish “nîr” (compare with “Mornie”, a ship of the dead souls) < Etym. “NAY” (lament), Primitive Elvish roots “NAY” (cause bitter grief or pain), “ŊAHYA” (hurt, grieve), “NYEHE” (weep)	more like about some disastrous event; add abstract suffix “-urm” to clarify meaning of reaction to it
doubt	hush	n	LOS < MB (opinion?)	uncountable
dread	goth	adj	TK, AO, DBS, LOTR, Silm., PN “Gothmog”; Etym. “GOTH”, “GOS” (dread, terror); compare with PN “Osse”, “Mandos”; see also “gozd”
dread	ufur	n	NL < LOS “ufum”, “ufur-” (fear), also “uf-” (to frighten) < TK PN “Ufthak”; only noun in NL, see “furg-” for verb	fear of smth., not frighten smb. else; uncountable
dreadful	goth	adj	TK, AO, DBS, LOTR, Silm., PN “Gothmog”; Etym. “GOTH”, “GOS” (dread, terror); compare with PN “Osse”, “Mandos”; see also “gozd”
dream	taur-	v	NL < Summoning “taurzur” (dreams, n)	dream about, not sleep
dull	frâd	adj	NL < LOS “frâtûrz” (tired, weary); changed according to Nûrlâm objectives and to make connection with Gnomish “fadrog” (tiresome)
duty	bul	n	NL < DS (PO) “bulu” < Quenya “mólë” (n) < Etym. (AC) “(M)BOL”?
education	tailurm	n	LOS, SV < MB < Quenya “tyal-”
effort	rîthurm	n	NL, see “rîth-”	uncountable
endeavour	rîthurm	n	NL, see “rîth-”	uncountable
endure	bronb-	v	NL < Noldorin “brenia” (to endure), “bronwe” (endurance) < Etym. “BOR”, “BORON”
enigma	darn	n	NL, merging LOS “ândar” < MERP “ândartar” (adj.) with Sindarin “torn”, “thurin” (hidden, secret, adj.)	something unknown
enjoy	glaz-	v	NL, see “glaz” (adj.)	usually intransitive, clarify meaning “to delight” with object in Dative case instead of Accusative
enquire	hozd-	v	NL < Quenya “cesta” (to ask, seek), “ces” (to search, examine)
error	saug	n	NL < Summoning “szaug-” (v) < LOS “zaug” (debt, fault, blame) < SV
esteem	ûst-	v	NL, merging LOS “ûs-” (to think) with Gnomish “sad” (to reck, care, value, esteem, show respect for, consider)
exalt	yor-	v	NL < Noldorin “îr” (sexual desire) < Etym. “YER” (feel sexual desire) + Old Noldorin “or”, Noldorin “eria” (to rise) < Etym. “ORO” (up, rise, high); compare with EH “ghêr” with similar etymology; resemblance to Slavic root “yar” (bright, fiery, hot, fury, frenzy, passionate, very) is accidental; compare with “hûr”	mostly about sexual desire
examine	hozd-	v	NL < Quenya “cesta” (to ask, seek), “ces” (to search, examine)
excite	yor-	v	NL < Noldorin “îr” (sexual desire) < Etym. “YER” (feel sexual desire) + Old Noldorin “or”, Noldorin “eria” (to rise) < Etym. “ORO” (up, rise, high); compare with EH “ghêr” with similar etymology; resemblance to Slavic root “yar” (bright, fiery, hot, fury, frenzy, passionate, very) is accidental; compare with “hûr”	mostly about sexual desire
excuse	gont-	v	NL, merging LOS, HG “gotl” < SV with Sindarin “gohena” < root “SEN” (let loose, free, let go)	indirect object or recipient shall be in Dative case
exercise	tailurm	n	LOS, SV < MB < Quenya “tyal-”
expect	darb-	v	NL < Etym. “DAR”
explain	rizûrb-	v	NL, lit. “to between-understand”, “to inter-understand”; see “ri”, “zûrb-”
exult	gomb-	v	NL < Qenya “yambo” (cheer, shout of triumph), Gnomish “gôm” (shout, call) < Primitive Elvish root “YAMA”
fact	kogurm	n	see “kog”
failure	saug	n	NL < Summoning “szaug-” (v) < LOS “zaug” (debt, fault, blame) < SV
fair	than	adj	NL < Sindarin “thand”, Noldorin “thenid”, Quenya “sanda” < Etym. “STAN” (firm, fix, decide, true, regular)
faith	samburm	n	NL, see “samb-”	uncountable
fall (down)	lûmp-	v	LOS	also morally
fault	saug	n	NL < Summoning “szaug-” (v) < LOS “zaug” (debt, fault, blame) < SV
fear	furg-	v	NL, merging Quenya “þorya” (to dread, feel fear) < root “THOS”, with Qenya “varka” (to bode, dread, fear) < Primitive Elvish root “VṚKṚ” and with LOS “ufur-”, also “uf-” (to frighten) < TK PN “Ufthak”; see also “uf-”, “ufur”	passive, fear of smth., not frighten smb. else
fear	ufur	n	NL < LOS “ufum”, “ufur-” (fear), also “uf-” (to frighten) < TK PN “Ufthak”; only noun in NL, see “furg-” for verb	fear of smth., not frighten smb. else; uncountable
feast	dafr-	v	LOS, HG < SV “dafar” < MERP; compare with Gnomish “dair” (play, merriment) < Etym. “TYAL” (play)
feel	gusn-	v	SV	usage: 1) with noun 2) with reflexive pronoun + adverb 3) may be replaced with impersonal clause with dative
feel disgust	dolb-	v	NL < Noldorin “delb” (horrible, abominable, loathsome), “delw” (hateful, deadly, fell) < Etym. “DYEL” (feel fear and disgust, abhor) as in early “Dor Deadhelos” (Land of the Shadow of Abomination)	strong disgust
feel sadness	dimb-	v	NL < Ilkorin “dimb” (sad), “dim” (gloom) < Etym. “DEM”
flattery	glizg	n	NL < Gnomish “glisc” (fond of sweets; fond of saying sweet or flattering things, suave, flattering); compare with Quenya “lissë” and Sindarin “laich” both meaning “sweet”	uncountable
flout	graid-	v	NL < Neo-Sindarin “agreitha” (to despise, contemn) < Gnomish “agrectha” < “craitho-” (to spit) < early roots “KEREK”, “KREK”, “KEREKE”	to openly, intentionally disobey a rule, law, person целенаправленно игнорировать правило, закон, команды; также “не повиноваться”
focus (circus)	krip	n	NL < Qenya “karpale” (a plucking, tucking, wrenching, deceiving, tricking) < early Primitive Elvish root “KṚPṚ” (to pluck)	a deceiving move
fool	glob	n	TK, DBS, LOTR, OC, HOME 12 (PM)
fool	pah	n	HG
fool (smb. else)	prakh-	v	all major dialects < LL (to lure); other meanings were added in SV
for sure	durtarz	adv	see “durt”
for sure	rûzarz	adv	see “rûz”
forbear	brond-	adj	NL, merging “bronb-” (to endure) < Etym. “BORON” with “darb-” (to await) and Qenya “perendie” (patience) < earlier root “PERE” (to endure)
forebode	falkh-	v	NL < SV “falk” (to toss a dice, bone) < MERP “flak” < Albanian (to throw, cast)	literally “toss the bones / dices” букв. “раскинуть кости”
forecast	falkh-	v	NL < SV “falk” (to toss a dice, bone) < MERP “flak” < Albanian (to throw, cast)	literally “toss the bones / dices” букв. “раскинуть кости”
foresight	drothakurm	n	NL, see “dro”, “thak”	divine intervention
foretell	falkh-	v	NL < SV “falk” (to toss a dice, bone) < MERP “flak” < Albanian (to throw, cast)	literally “toss the bones / dices” букв. “раскинуть кости”
forget	ribhol-	v	NL, see “ri”, “bhol-”
forgive	gont-	v	NL, merging LOS, HG “gotl” < SV with Sindarin “gohena” < root “SEN” (let loose, free, let go)	indirect object or recipient shall be in Dative case
form idea	noth-	v	NL < Noldorin “nauth” (thought), “nautha-” (to conceive), Quenya “nause” (imagination) < Etym. “NOWO”
foster	ûrth-	v	NL < LOS “ûrt-” (to raise) < Quenya “orta” (to raise, rise, lift); changed to avoid cognates	take care of children
frenzy	kharm	n	NL, merging HG “kha” (fury) with ON “karmordi” < MERP “kamordî” and with Quenya “aha” (rage)
frighten	ugl-	v	TK, DBS, LOTR, OC, PN “Uglúk”; ? Etym. “ÚLUG”, “ÚLGU” (horrible, hideous); ? Hurrian “ugil” (frighten); ? Etym. “UGU” (negative prefix)	translation is speculative
frightened	uglaga	pastp	see “ugl-”	object of fear should be in Instrumental case, however in colloquial speech it may be in Genitive, as in English
frown	lork-	v	NL < merging Gnomish “laur” (threatening), “lur” (to frown), “lurc” (frown, n.) < root “LURU”	about facial expression
fuck-up	saug	n	NL < Summoning “szaug-” (v) < LOS “zaug” (debt, fault, blame) < SV
fun	glaz	adj	NL < Noldorin “glas”, early “gell” (joy), “gair” (merry), Sindarin “gelir” (merry) < Etym. “GALÁS” (joy, be glad)
funny	glaz	adj	NL < Noldorin “glas”, early “gell” (joy), “gair” (merry), Sindarin “gelir” (merry) < Etym. “GALÁS” (joy, be glad)
fury	kharm	n	NL, merging HG “kha” (fury) with ON “karmordi” < MERP “kamordî” and with Quenya “aha” (rage)
gambit	krip	n	NL < Qenya “karpale” (a plucking, tucking, wrenching, deceiving, tricking) < early Primitive Elvish root “KṚPṚ” (to pluck)	a deceiving move
game(s)	mund	n	SV < MERP	скорее “игры”
gay	glaz	adj	NL < Noldorin “glas”, early “gell” (joy), “gair” (merry), Sindarin “gelir” (merry) < Etym. “GALÁS” (joy, be glad)
gimmick	krip	n	NL < Qenya “karpale” (a plucking, tucking, wrenching, deceiving, tricking) < early Primitive Elvish root “KṚPṚ” (to pluck)	a deceiving move
give clue	gît-	v	NL < Quenya “hiuta”, Old Noldorin “gyûta” < Etym. (AC) “ÑIW” (wink, hint); also Gnomish “nautha” (to hint) < Primitive Elvish root “NAVA”	to somebody – use with Dative case
glad	glaz	adj	NL < Noldorin “glas”, early “gell” (joy), “gair” (merry), Sindarin “gelir” (merry) < Etym. “GALÁS” (joy, be glad)
goal	krauk	n	HG < MB (task)
greed for	ghîr-	v	NL < LP “ghêr” < Noldorin “îr”, Quenya “írë”, “yére”	together with verb in infinitive, noun in dative or genitive case
grief	nîrth	n	NL, merging “nîth-” (complain), “nirz” (corrupted) (see corresponding articles) with Qenya “nyére” (grief), Gnomish “nîr” (compare with “Mornie”, a ship of the dead souls) < Etym. “NAY” (lament), Primitive Elvish roots “NAY” (cause bitter grief or pain), “ŊAHYA” (hurt, grieve), “NYEHE” (weep)	more like about some disastrous event; add abstract suffix “-urm” to clarify meaning of reaction to it
grieve	brûg-	v	LOS (SN) (only “to lament”)
guess	ton-	v	NL < LOS “tonprakh” < SV (to suppose, presume) < LL “prakh” (to lure)
guilt	gob	n	NL < EH “gobu” < Qenya “káma”	uncountable
habit	okturm	n	NL, merging “ok” with Primitive Elvish “okma” (an evil deed), Qenya “ohta-karo” (act of war)
hack	krip	n	NL < Qenya “karpale” (a plucking, tucking, wrenching, deceiving, tricking) < early Primitive Elvish root “KṚPṚ” (to pluck)	a deceiving move
handle	magd-	v	NL < Quenya “mahta”, Sindarin “maetha” (to handle, wield, deal with, treat) < Etym. “MAGH” (hand), “MAG” (to use, handle), Primitive Elvish root “MAH” (to handle, manage, control, wield); compare with NL “mâgz”, “maug-”, “mog”[3]
happy	glaz	adj	NL < Noldorin “glas”, early “gell” (joy), “gair” (merry), Sindarin “gelir” (merry) < Etym. “GALÁS” (joy, be glad)
harsh	hazt	adj	MERP; probably from Icelandic “harðdrægur”	metaphorically, about character, speech
hate	mok-	v	LOS < Qenya “moko” in Quenya PN “Kosomoko” (war-hate, strife-and-hatred) aka “Gothmog”
have faith (in)	samb-	v	NL, merging Quenya “sav-” (to believe) < Primitive Elvish “SAB” with LOS “tum” < SV	believe in what person does, believe in idea
have mercy on	kask-	v	NL < SV (BA) “kaskût” (mercy, n)	use with object in accusative case
hazard	razg	n	NL < Quenya “raxë”
hint	gît-	v	NL < Quenya “hiuta”, Old Noldorin “gyûta” < Etym. (AC) “ÑIW” (wink, hint); also Gnomish “nautha” (to hint) < Primitive Elvish root “NAVA”	to somebody – use with Dative case
hope	khard-	v	NL < Noldorin “hartha-”, “harthad” (n), Gnomish (n) “hodhir”, “hôth”
hopeless	hîrd	adj	NL, merging Gnomish “uchirthol” (reckless, careless) with NL “khard-” (to hope); see also “narkh-” (to despair)
horror	ufur	n	NL < LOS “ufum”, “ufur-” (fear), also “uf-” (to frighten) < TK PN “Ufthak”; only noun in NL, see “furg-” for verb	fear of smth., not frighten smb. else; uncountable
hypocrisy	glizg	n	NL < Gnomish “glisc” (fond of sweets; fond of saying sweet or flattering things, suave, flattering); compare with Quenya “lissë” and Sindarin “laich” both meaning “sweet”	uncountable
I am fed of (…)	brus-(uz)-(â/û) thlûk (…)-ob dazûr	expr	lit. “There it have enough of … for me”
I am over (…)	brus-(uz)-(â/û) thlûk (…)-ob dazûr	expr	lit. “There it have enough of … for me”
I have had enough of (…)	brus-(uz)-(â/û) thlûk (…)-ob dazûr	expr	lit. “There it have enough of … for me”
idea	nobh	n	NL < Noldorin “naw” (idea) < Etym. “NOWO” (to think, imagine)
idiot	pah	n	HG
idle	frûz	adj	LOS
ignore	graid-	v	NL < Neo-Sindarin “agreitha” (to despise, contemn) < Gnomish “agrectha” < “craitho-” (to spit) < early roots “KEREK”, “KREK”, “KEREKE”	to openly, intentionally disobey a rule, law, person целенаправленно игнорировать правило, закон, команды; также “не повиноваться”
image	nobh	n	NL < Noldorin “naw” (idea) < Etym. “NOWO” (to think, imagine)
imagine	noth-	v	NL < Noldorin “nauth” (thought), “nautha-” (to conceive), Quenya “nause” (imagination) < Etym. “NOWO”
imply	idr-	v	NL < Etym. “ID” (heart, desire, wish); compare with Noldorin “idhren” (pondering, wise, thoughtful), “idher” (thoughtfulness) of same etymology
incite	yor-	v	NL < Noldorin “îr” (sexual desire) < Etym. “YER” (feel sexual desire) + Old Noldorin “or”, Noldorin “eria” (to rise) < Etym. “ORO” (up, rise, high); compare with EH “ghêr” with similar etymology; resemblance to Slavic root “yar” (bright, fiery, hot, fury, frenzy, passionate, very) is accidental; compare with “hûr”	mostly about sexual desire
indeed	kogarz	adv	see “kog”
information	îsturm	n	NL < LOS “îst-” (to know)	uncountable
inkle	nath-	v	NL < Qenya “naus” (suspicion), Gnomish “naf” (to suspect, have inkling of) < Primitive Elvish Root “NAVA”
insane	trîn	adj	LOS < SV
intelligence	tunkurm	n	NL < Qenya “tunke” (bright, smart, witty)	uncountable
intend	pant-	v	NL < Qenya “panya-” (to plan, arrange, intend, mean) + Quenya “tel-”, Sindarin “thel” (to intend); Gnomish “panta-” (to arrange, order, settle, set, put, place)	used together with other verb in infinitive; may be replaced with suffix of prospective aspect (-uth) or gerundive of dependent verb
intention	dind	n	NL, merging Quenya “indo” (state of mind, inner thought, mood, will), “indu” (do on purpose), Sindarin “ind” (purpose, intention), “nîdh” (full vigorous purpose, exertion of will) < Primitive Elvish roots “NID”, “IN(ID)” with NL “dirb” (will, cf.)
interesting	kizgûrz	adj	NL, see “kizg-”
interpret	rizûrb-	v	NL, lit. “to between-understand”, “to inter-understand”; see “ri”, “zûrb-”
interrogate	hozd-	v	NL < Quenya “cesta” (to ask, seek), “ces” (to search, examine)
intriguing	kizgûrz	adj	NL, see “kizg-”
irksome	frâd	adj	NL < LOS “frâtûrz” (tired, weary); changed according to Nûrlâm objectives and to make connection with Gnomish “fadrog” (tiresome)
irresponsible	frûz	adj	LOS
irritate	fizg-	v	NL < Gnomish “fesca”
itch	fizg-	v	NL < Gnomish “fesca”
job	bul	n	NL < DS (PO) “bulu” < Quenya “mólë” (n) < Etym. (AC) “(M)BOL”?
joy	gomb-	v	NL < Qenya “yambo” (cheer, shout of triumph), Gnomish “gôm” (shout, call) < Primitive Elvish root “YAMA”
joyful	glaz	adj	NL < Noldorin “glas”, early “gell” (joy), “gair” (merry), Sindarin “gelir” (merry) < Etym. “GALÁS” (joy, be glad)
keep an eye (on)	girkh-	v	NL < merging Gnomish “grith-” (to attend to, tend, care, care for), “hirtha-” (to care for, mind, tend; to care, reck, mind) with LOS “gakh” (to care) < HG	use with object in Dative case
know	gol-	v	TK, AO, UT, PN “golug”; Etym. “ÑGOL” (wise), compare with “gûl”	means deeper, secret knowledge, wisdom
know	îst-	v	LOS < Quenya “ista” as in “Istari” (wizards) < Etym. “IS”	may be used with objects (know who or some thing) and with adverbials (know how, know what to do)
knowledge	îsturm	n	NL < LOS “îst-” (to know)	uncountable
labour	bul	n	NL < DS (PO) “bulu” < Quenya “mólë” (n) < Etym. (AC) “(M)BOL”?
lament	brûg-	v	LOS (SN) (only “to lament”)
lazy	frûz	adj	LOS
learn	nûrl-	v	LOS < HG
lech	ghîr-	v	NL < LP “ghêr” < Noldorin “îr”, Quenya “írë”, “yére”	together with verb in infinitive, noun in dative or genitive case
lie (tell untruth)	prakh-	v	all major dialects < LL (to lure); other meanings were added in SV
like	brogb-	v	LOS < HG “like, favor, fancy”	but not in expression “I would like”
loathe	dolb-	v	NL < Noldorin “delb” (horrible, abominable, loathsome), “delw” (hateful, deadly, fell) < Etym. “DYEL” (feel fear and disgust, abhor) as in early “Dor Deadhelos” (Land of the Shadow of Abomination)	strong disgust
loathe	poin-	v	NL < SV, HG “ponî-” < MERP (n.) (awe); compare with Etym. “SPAY”; compare with NL “pûth” (to spit) < Etym. “PIW”	less strong than “dolb-”
long	dimb-	v	NL < Ilkorin “dimb” (sad), “dim” (gloom) < Etym. “DEM”
long for	ghîr-	v	NL < LP “ghêr” < Noldorin “îr”, Quenya “írë”, “yére”	together with verb in infinitive, noun in dative or genitive case
look after	girkh-	v	NL < merging Gnomish “grith-” (to attend to, tend, care, care for), “hirtha-” (to care for, mind, tend; to care, reck, mind) with LOS “gakh” (to care) < HG	use with object in Dative case
lose hope	narkh-	v	NL < merging TK “nar” (negative particle) + NL “khard-” (to hope) < Noldorin “hartha-” with Sindarin “naer”, Quenya “naira” (dreadful, unendurable) < Etym. “NAY” (lament), “NÁYAK” (pain) with Qenya “naira” (dire, grievous) < Primitive Elvish “ŊAHYA”	intansitive
love	brogb-	v	LOS < HG “like, favor, fancy”	but not in expression “I would like”
lull	lûrzh-	v	NL, merging “lor-” (to sleep) with “lûzh-” (to swing); see corresponding articles	rock, swing to sleep smb.
lure	prakh-	v	all major dialects < LL (to lure); other meanings were added in SV
lust	ghîr-	v	NL < LP “ghêr” < Noldorin “îr”, Quenya “írë”, “yére”	together with verb in infinitive, noun in dative or genitive case
mad	trîn	adj	LOS < SV
make horny	yor-	v	NL < Noldorin “îr” (sexual desire) < Etym. “YER” (feel sexual desire) + Old Noldorin “or”, Noldorin “eria” (to rise) < Etym. “ORO” (up, rise, high); compare with EH “ghêr” with similar etymology; resemblance to Slavic root “yar” (bright, fiery, hot, fury, frenzy, passionate, very) is accidental; compare with “hûr”	mostly about sexual desire
marvel	ilm-	v	NL < Gnomish “elm(en)” (wonder, marvel, n.)	usually passive with object in Instrumental case
mean	idr-	v	NL < Etym. “ID” (heart, desire, wish); compare with Noldorin “idhren” (pondering, wise, thoughtful), “idher” (thoughtfulness) of same etymology
memory	bhûrm	n	NL, merging “bhol-” with “bhû” (see corresponding articles) and abstract noun suffix “-urm”	uncountable
merry	glaz	adj	NL < Noldorin “glas”, early “gell” (joy), “gair” (merry), Sindarin “gelir” (merry) < Etym. “GALÁS” (joy, be glad)
mind	furm	n	NL, merging LOS “frûm” < MERP < Albanian “frymë” with Quenya “fairë”, Sindarin “faer” with NL abstract suffix “-urm”	uncountable
mind	samd	n	NL, merging Quenya “sáma”, “sanwe” and “indo” of similar meaning; compare with “samb-” (to believe) and “ûs” (to think)
mind	tunk	n	NL < Qenya “tunke” (bright, smart, witty)
mind (against)	bugb-	v	LOS, HG < SV “bugjab-” (lit. “against say”)	use with objects in Comitative or Accusative case
misfortune	nîrth	n	NL, merging “nîth-” (complain), “nirz” (corrupted) (see corresponding articles) with Qenya “nyére” (grief), Gnomish “nîr” (compare with “Mornie”, a ship of the dead souls) < Etym. “NAY” (lament), Primitive Elvish roots “NAY” (cause bitter grief or pain), “ŊAHYA” (hurt, grieve), “NYEHE” (weep)	more like about some disastrous event; add abstract suffix “-urm” to clarify meaning of reaction to it
miss	saug	n	NL < Summoning “szaug-” (v) < LOS “zaug” (debt, fault, blame) < SV
mistake	saug	n	NL < Summoning “szaug-” (v) < LOS “zaug” (debt, fault, blame) < SV
mourn	brûg-	v	LOS (SN) (only “to lament”)
mystery	darn	n	NL, merging LOS “ândar” < MERP “ândartar” (adj.) with Sindarin “torn”, “thurin” (hidden, secret, adj.)	something unknown
need	narg-	v	DS (want), LOS “nargzab-” (need, want, have to) < SV, probably from “nar-” (no) and “zab-” (to own, possess), so lit. “do not have”
neglect	graid-	v	NL < Neo-Sindarin “agreitha” (to despise, contemn) < Gnomish “agrectha” < “craitho-” (to spit) < early roots “KEREK”, “KREK”, “KEREKE”	to openly, intentionally disobey a rule, law, person целенаправленно игнорировать правило, закон, команды; также “не повиноваться”
nourish	ûrth-	v	NL < LOS “ûrt-” (to raise) < Quenya “orta” (to raise, rise, lift); changed to avoid cognates	take care of children
nuisance	traz	n	NL < Noldorin “trasta” (to harass, trouble), Old Noldorin “tarsa” (trouble, n.)	light inconvenience
numbskull	pah	n	HG
nurse	ûrth-	v	NL < LOS “ûrt-” (to raise) < Quenya “orta” (to raise, rise, lift); changed to avoid cognates	take care of children
nurture	ûrth-	v	NL < LOS “ûrt-” (to raise) < Quenya “orta” (to raise, rise, lift); changed to avoid cognates	take care of children
object (to)	bugb-	v	LOS, HG < SV “bugjab-” (lit. “against say”)	use with objects in Comitative or Accusative case
objective	krauk	n	HG < MB (task)
of course	durtarz	adv	see “durt”
omen	faltan	n	NL, merging “falg”, “falt” with “tan” (see corresponding articles); lit. “sign of fortune”
oppose	bugb-	v	LOS, HG < SV “bugjab-” (lit. “against say”)	use with objects in Comitative or Accusative case
pardon	gont-	v	NL, merging LOS, HG “gotl” < SV with Sindarin “gohena” < root “SEN” (let loose, free, let go)	indirect object or recipient shall be in Dative case
parent	ûrth-	v	NL < LOS “ûrt-” (to raise) < Quenya “orta” (to raise, rise, lift); changed to avoid cognates	take care of children
party	dafr-	v	LOS, HG < SV “dafar” < MERP; compare with Gnomish “dair” (play, merriment) < Etym. “TYAL” (play)
perceive	gusn-	v	SV	usage: 1) with noun 2) with reflexive pronoun + adverb 3) may be replaced with impersonal clause with dative
perverted	raik	adj	NL < Quenya “raika” (also “crooked, bent”), Noldorin “rhoeg” < Etym. “RÁYAK”, “RAG”; also Gnomish “raig” (awry, twisted, distorted, perverted, wrong)	systematically wrong; wrong by nature, behavior
picture	noth-	v	NL < Noldorin “nauth” (thought), “nautha-” (to conceive), Quenya “nause” (imagination) < Etym. “NOWO”
plan	pant-	v	NL < Qenya “panya-” (to plan, arrange, intend, mean) + Quenya “tel-”, Sindarin “thel” (to intend); Gnomish “panta-” (to arrange, order, settle, set, put, place)	used together with other verb in infinitive; may be replaced with suffix of prospective aspect (-uth) or gerundive of dependent verb
pluck	krip	n	NL < Qenya “karpale” (a plucking, tucking, wrenching, deceiving, tricking) < early Primitive Elvish root “KṚPṚ” (to pluck)	a deceiving move
practice	tailurm	n	LOS, SV < MB < Quenya “tyal-”
predict	falkh-	v	NL < SV “falk” (to toss a dice, bone) < MERP “flak” < Albanian (to throw, cast)	literally “toss the bones / dices” букв. “раскинуть кости”
privacy	dhûr	n	HG (secret)	confidentional or private information
problem	nîrth	n	NL, merging “nîth-” (complain), “nirz” (corrupted) (see corresponding articles) with Qenya “nyére” (grief), Gnomish “nîr” (compare with “Mornie”, a ship of the dead souls) < Etym. “NAY” (lament), Primitive Elvish roots “NAY” (cause bitter grief or pain), “ŊAHYA” (hurt, grieve), “NYEHE” (weep)	more like about some disastrous event; add abstract suffix “-urm” to clarify meaning of reaction to it
problem	traz	n	NL < Noldorin “trasta” (to harass, trouble), Old Noldorin “tarsa” (trouble, n.)	light inconvenience
process	magd-	v	NL < Quenya “mahta”, Sindarin “maetha” (to handle, wield, deal with, treat) < Etym. “MAGH” (hand), “MAG” (to use, handle), Primitive Elvish root “MAH” (to handle, manage, control, wield); compare with NL “mâgz”, “maug-”, “mog”[3]
prompt	gît-	v	NL < Quenya “hiuta”, Old Noldorin “gyûta” < Etym. (AC) “ÑIW” (wink, hint); also Gnomish “nautha” (to hint) < Primitive Elvish root “NAVA”	to somebody – use with Dative case
proper	than	adj	NL < Sindarin “thand”, Noldorin “thenid”, Quenya “sanda” < Etym. “STAN” (firm, fix, decide, true, regular)
providence	drothakurm	n	NL, see “dro”, “thak”	divine intervention
purpose	dind	n	NL, merging Quenya “indo” (state of mind, inner thought, mood, will), “indu” (do on purpose), Sindarin “ind” (purpose, intention), “nîdh” (full vigorous purpose, exertion of will) < Primitive Elvish roots “NID”, “IN(ID)” with NL “dirb” (will, cf.)
put money (on)	fadr-	v	NL < Quenya “vanda” (oath, pledge, solemn promise)
quest	krauk	n	HG < MB (task)
rage	kharm	n	NL, merging HG “kha” (fury) with ON “karmordi” < MERP “kamordî” and with Quenya “aha” (rage)
rage	uruth	n	NL < Sindarin “oroth”, “rûth”, Quenya “ursa” < Primitive Elvish root “RUTH”
raise (children)	ûrth-	v	NL < LOS “ûrt-” (to raise) < Quenya “orta” (to raise, rise, lift); changed to avoid cognates	take care of children
real	kog	adj	NL < ZA “kog-” (to speak, tell truth)
really	kogarz	adv	see “kog”
reason	samd	n	NL, merging Quenya “sáma”, “sanwe” and “indo” of similar meaning; compare with “samb-” (to believe) and “ûs” (to think)
recall	bhol-	v	NL < Sindarin “ephola”, “ebhola” (to remember?)	with object in Accusative case or with preposition “gus” (about) = remember; with object in Dative case = remind; with prefix “ri-” = to forget
reck	girkh-	v	NL < merging Gnomish “grith-” (to attend to, tend, care, care for), “hirtha-” (to care for, mind, tend; to care, reck, mind) with LOS “gakh” (to care) < HG	use with object in Dative case
reck	ûst-	v	NL, merging LOS “ûs-” (to think) with Gnomish “sad” (to reck, care, value, esteem, show respect for, consider)
reckless	hûrz	adj	NL < TK PN “Mauhúr”; ? Noldorin “hûr” (vigour, fiery spirit) < Etym. “KHOR”
reckon	ûst-	v	NL, merging LOS “ûs-” (to think) with Gnomish “sad” (to reck, care, value, esteem, show respect for, consider)
reject	hôgh-	v	NL < Quenya “hehta”, Telerin “hecta” < root “HEK” (aside, apart, separate); compare with “hîg-”
rejoice	gomb-	v	NL < Qenya “yambo” (cheer, shout of triumph), Gnomish “gôm” (shout, call) < Primitive Elvish root “YAMA”
rely (on)	samb-	v	NL, merging Quenya “sav-” (to believe) < Primitive Elvish “SAB” with LOS “tum” < SV	believe in what person does, believe in idea
remember	bhol-	v	NL < Sindarin “ephola”, “ebhola” (to remember?)	with object in Accusative case or with preposition “gus” (about) = remember; with object in Dative case = remind; with prefix “ri-” = to forget
rememberance	bholurm	n	NL, merging “bhol-” with “bhû” (see corresponding articles)
remind	bhol-	v	NL < Sindarin “ephola”, “ebhola” (to remember?)	with object in Accusative case or with preposition “gus” (about) = remember; with object in Dative case = remind; with prefix “ri-” = to forget
remit	gont-	v	NL, merging LOS, HG “gotl” < SV with Sindarin “gohena” < root “SEN” (let loose, free, let go)	indirect object or recipient shall be in Dative case
report	nabh	n	NL < Qenya “navillo” (hint, whisper, rumour, suspicion) < Primitive Elvish Root “NAVA”
reputation	nabh	n	NL < Qenya “navillo” (hint, whisper, rumour, suspicion) < Primitive Elvish Root “NAVA”
revel	dafr-	v	LOS, HG < SV “dafar” < MERP; compare with Gnomish “dair” (play, merriment) < Etym. “TYAL” (play)
revere	gorth-	v	merging NL “gorm” (reverence) < Etym. “ÑGOROTH” (dread, fear) with Sindarin “gorth” (dread, horror, dead), PN “Gorthaur” (moniker of Sauron) of same etymology and with Gnomish “gort” (idol), “gorthin” (fane, temple), “dungort”, “dumgort(h)” (evil idol) and Qenya “korda” (temple)	believe in deity; object of worship should be in Dative case
riddle	darn	n	NL, merging LOS “ândar” < MERP “ândartar” (adj.) with Sindarin “torn”, “thurin” (hidden, secret, adj.)	something unknown
right	than	adj	NL < Sindarin “thand”, Noldorin “thenid”, Quenya “sanda” < Etym. “STAN” (firm, fix, decide, true, regular)
risk	hûr-	v	LOS < TK PN “Mauhûr”, Noldorin “hûr” (vigour, fiery spirit) < Etym. “KHOR”
risk	razg	n	NL < Quenya “raxë”
rough	hazt	adj	MERP; probably from Icelandic “harðdrægur”	metaphorically, about character, speech
rumor	nabh	n	NL < Qenya “navillo” (hint, whisper, rumour, suspicion) < Primitive Elvish Root “NAVA”
rumour	nabh	n	NL < Qenya “navillo” (hint, whisper, rumour, suspicion) < Primitive Elvish Root “NAVA”
ruse	krip	n	NL < Qenya “karpale” (a plucking, tucking, wrenching, deceiving, tricking) < early Primitive Elvish root “KṚPṚ” (to pluck)	a deceiving move
sake	gob	n	NL < EH “gobu” < Qenya “káma”	uncountable
scare	ugl-	v	TK, DBS, LOTR, OC, PN “Uglúk”; ? Etym. “ÚLUG”, “ÚLGU” (horrible, hideous); ? Hurrian “ugil” (frighten); ? Etym. “UGU” (negative prefix)	translation is speculative
scared	uglaga	pastp	see “ugl-”	object of fear should be in Instrumental case, however in colloquial speech it may be in Genitive, as in English
school	nurlamb	n	NL, lit. “chamber of learning”, see “nûrl-”, “amb”
scorn	graid-	v	NL < Neo-Sindarin “agreitha” (to despise, contemn) < Gnomish “agrectha” < “craitho-” (to spit) < early roots “KEREK”, “KREK”, “KEREKE”	to openly, intentionally disobey a rule, law, person целенаправленно игнорировать правило, закон, команды; также “не повиноваться”
scowl	lork-	v	NL < merging Gnomish “laur” (threatening), “lur” (to frown), “lurc” (frown, n.) < root “LURU”	about facial expression
secret	darn	n	NL, merging LOS “ândar” < MERP “ândartar” (adj.) with Sindarin “torn”, “thurin” (hidden, secret, adj.)	something unknown
secret	dhûr	n	HG (secret)	confidentional or private information
seduce	prakh-	v	all major dialects < LL (to lure); other meanings were added in SV
seem	bozd-	v	EH “bozd” (face, n) < Gnomish “gwint”, compare with LOS “ozt-” < HG “ozut-” (appear, seem)	modal meaning in expressions like “it seems”
sense	gusn-	v	SV	usage: 1) with noun 2) with reflexive pronoun + adverb 3) may be replaced with impersonal clause with dative
sense	samd	n	NL, merging Quenya “sáma”, “sanwe” and “indo” of similar meaning; compare with “samb-” (to believe) and “ûs” (to think)
shame	bagd-	v	NL, merging LOS, SV, HG “bâk” (n) < MB with TK “bag” (excrement), Gnomish “naud” (ashamed, abashed) < early Primitive Elvish root “NAWA” (dwarf) and Qenya “naitya” (to damage, abuse, put to shame)	add clitic reflexive pronoun “-îm” for meaning “be ashamed, cringe”
shirk	graid-	v	NL < Neo-Sindarin “agreitha” (to despise, contemn) < Gnomish “agrectha” < “craitho-” (to spit) < early roots “KEREK”, “KREK”, “KEREKE”	to openly, intentionally disobey a rule, law, person целенаправленно игнорировать правило, закон, команды; также “не повиноваться”
shrewd	tunkûrz	adj	NL < Qenya “tunke” (bright, smart, witty)
signify	tan-	v	NL < Quenya “tanna” (sign, token)
smart	tunkûrz	adj	NL < Qenya “tunke” (bright, smart, witty)
soon	uth	adv	NL < Gnomish “mu”, “mutha” (will, I am going to, I am about to) + LOS “gûth” (almost, nearly)	usually have a tone of intention; see also verb “pant-”
soothe	bort-	v	NL < HG “borz” (n)
spare	kask-	v	NL < SV (BA) “kaskût” (mercy, n)	use with object in accusative case
spirit	furm	n	NL, merging LOS “frûm” < MERP < Albanian “frymë” with Quenya “fairë”, Sindarin “faer” with NL abstract suffix “-urm”	uncountable
stand	bronb-	v	NL < Noldorin “brenia” (to endure), “bronwe” (endurance) < Etym. “BOR”, “BORON”
stomach	bronb-	v	NL < Noldorin “brenia” (to endure), “bronwe” (endurance) < Etym. “BOR”, “BORON”
stratagem	krip	n	NL < Qenya “karpale” (a plucking, tucking, wrenching, deceiving, tricking) < early Primitive Elvish root “KṚPṚ” (to pluck)	a deceiving move
strife	bugburm	n	NL < LOS, HG “bugb-” (disagree)
study	nûrl-	v	LOS < HG
stupid	pah	adj	HG
suppose	ton-	v	NL < LOS “tonprakh” < SV (to suppose, presume) < LL “prakh” (to lure)
sure	durt	adj	LOS
sure	rûz	adj	LOS < HG
surely	durtarz	adv	see “durt”
surely	rûzarz	adv	see “rûz”
suspect	nath-	v	NL < Qenya “naus” (suspicion), Gnomish “naf” (to suspect, have inkling of) < Primitive Elvish Root “NAVA”
sweet-speaking	glizg	n	NL < Gnomish “glisc” (fond of sweets; fond of saying sweet or flattering things, suave, flattering); compare with Quenya “lissë” and Sindarin “laich” both meaning “sweet”	uncountable
symbolize	tan-	v	NL < Quenya “tanna” (sign, token)
take pleasure	glaz-	v	NL, see “glaz” (adj.)	usually intransitive, clarify meaning “to delight” with object in Dative case instead of Accusative
target	krauk	n	HG < MB (task)
task	bul	n	NL < DS (PO) “bulu” < Quenya “mólë” (n) < Etym. (AC) “(M)BOL”?
task	krauk	n	HG < MB (task)
teach	gust-	v	NL, merging Neo-Sindarin “goltha” (to teach) < Etym. “ÑGOL” (wise) with Quenya “ista” (to know) < Etym. “IS”
tedious	frâd	adj	NL < LOS “frâtûrz” (tired, weary); changed according to Nûrlâm objectives and to make connection with Gnomish “fadrog” (tiresome)
temper	okturm	n	NL, merging “ok” with Primitive Elvish “okma” (an evil deed), Qenya “ohta-karo” (act of war)
tend	girkh-	v	NL < merging Gnomish “grith-” (to attend to, tend, care, care for), “hirtha-” (to care for, mind, tend; to care, reck, mind) with LOS “gakh” (to care) < HG	use with object in Dative case
think	ûs-	v	LOS < Quenya “ósanwë” (telepathy)	“to think of” should be translated using preposition “gus” (about)
thought	nobh	n	NL < Noldorin “naw” (idea) < Etym. “NOWO” (to think, imagine)
threat	razg	n	NL < Quenya “raxë”
throw (away)	hôgh-	v	NL < Quenya “hehta”, Telerin “hecta” < root “HEK” (aside, apart, separate); compare with “hîg-”
tire	kûbr-	v	HG	active — tire smb. else, passive + noun in Genitive or Instrumental case — be tired of
tiresome	frâd	adj	NL < LOS “frâtûrz” (tired, weary); changed according to Nûrlâm objectives and to make connection with Gnomish “fadrog” (tiresome)
training	tailurm	n	LOS, SV < MB < Quenya “tyal-”
tranquillize	bort-	v	NL < HG “borz” (n)
treat	magd-	v	NL < Quenya “mahta”, Sindarin “maetha” (to handle, wield, deal with, treat) < Etym. “MAGH” (hand), “MAG” (to use, handle), Primitive Elvish root “MAH” (to handle, manage, control, wield); compare with NL “mâgz”, “maug-”, “mog”[3]
trick	krip	n	NL < Qenya “karpale” (a plucking, tucking, wrenching, deceiving, tricking) < early Primitive Elvish root “KṚPṚ” (to pluck)	a deceiving move
trick	prakh-	v	all major dialects < LL (to lure); other meanings were added in SV
trouble	mudh-	v	NL < RN < LOS, HG “mudhn-”	transitive
trouble	nîrth	n	NL, merging “nîth-” (complain), “nirz” (corrupted) (see corresponding articles) with Qenya “nyére” (grief), Gnomish “nîr” (compare with “Mornie”, a ship of the dead souls) < Etym. “NAY” (lament), Primitive Elvish roots “NAY” (cause bitter grief or pain), “ŊAHYA” (hurt, grieve), “NYEHE” (weep)	more like about some disastrous event; add abstract suffix “-urm” to clarify meaning of reaction to it
trouble	traz	n	NL < Noldorin “trasta” (to harass, trouble), Old Noldorin “tarsa” (trouble, n.)	light inconvenience
true	kog	adj	NL < ZA “kog-” (to speak, tell truth)
truly	kogarz	adv	see “kog”
trust	kân-	v	LOS < HG “kan-”	believe what the person says
truth	kogurm	n	see “kog”
turn on	yor-	v	NL < Noldorin “îr” (sexual desire) < Etym. “YER” (feel sexual desire) + Old Noldorin “or”, Noldorin “eria” (to rise) < Etym. “ORO” (up, rise, high); compare with EH “ghêr” with similar etymology; resemblance to Slavic root “yar” (bright, fiery, hot, fury, frenzy, passionate, very) is accidental; compare with “hûr”	mostly about sexual desire
twist	krip	n	NL < Qenya “karpale” (a plucking, tucking, wrenching, deceiving, tricking) < early Primitive Elvish root “KṚPṚ” (to pluck)	a deceiving move
twisted	raik	adj	NL < Quenya “raika” (also “crooked, bent”), Noldorin “rhoeg” < Etym. “RÁYAK”, “RAG”; also Gnomish “raig” (awry, twisted, distorted, perverted, wrong)	systematically wrong; wrong by nature, behavior
uncertainty	hush	n	LOS < MB (opinion?)	uncountable
understand	zûrb-	v	ZA, probably from SV “zûr” (wise, smart)
venture	hûr-	v	LOS < TK PN “Mauhûr”, Noldorin “hûr” (vigour, fiery spirit) < Etym. “KHOR”
vision (of thought)	nobh	n	NL < Noldorin “naw” (idea) < Etym. “NOWO” (to think, imagine)
voice	mog	n	TK, AO, LR; abandoned translation of PN “Gothmog” as “Master's voice”; see “omog”
wager	fadr-	v	NL < Quenya “vanda” (oath, pledge, solemn promise)
wait	darb-	v	NL < Etym. “DAR”
want	hiz-	v	NL < DS “hiz-”, “hizi-”, “izhi-”	want for self
want	irm-	v	NL < Gnomish “erth” (wish, n.), “irm” (wish, intention, n.), “irn” (desired, wished for, adj.), Quenya “írë” < Etym. “ID” (n) “desire, wish”	want for others, want something to happen
want	narg-	v	DS (want), LOS “nargzab-” (need, want, have to) < SV, probably from “nar-” (no) and “zab-” (to own, possess), so lit. “do not have”
weary	frâd	adj	NL < LOS “frâtûrz” (tired, weary); changed according to Nûrlâm objectives and to make connection with Gnomish “fadrog” (tiresome)
weep	blord-	v	LOS	cry with tears
whereas	zasha hugor	expr	NL, see “za”, “sha”, “hug”, “or”
whereas	ûstug za	expr	NL, see “ûst-”, “za”
whereas	ûstug zamash	expr	NL, see “ûst-”, “zamash”
wile	tunkûrz	adj	NL < Qenya “tunke” (bright, smart, witty)
will	dirb	n	NL, merging Quenya “nirmë” (act of will, n), “Þelma” (will, n), Sindarin “thel-” (will, v)	only as noun (e.g. “the will of power”, “the will to live”) with descriptive noun in Allative case; uncountable
will	hiz-	v	NL < DS “hiz-”, “hizi-”, “izhi-”	want for self
will (do smth.) soon	uth	adv	NL < Gnomish “mu”, “mutha” (will, I am going to, I am about to) + LOS “gûth” (almost, nearly)	usually have a tone of intention; see also verb “pant-”
wink	gît-	v	NL < Quenya “hiuta”, Old Noldorin “gyûta” < Etym. (AC) “ÑIW” (wink, hint); also Gnomish “nautha” (to hint) < Primitive Elvish root “NAVA”	to somebody – use with Dative case
wisdom	golurm	n	NL < TK “gol-” (cf.)	uncountable
wish	irm-	v	NL < Gnomish “erth” (wish, n.), “irm” (wish, intention, n.), “irn” (desired, wished for, adj.), Quenya “írë” < Etym. “ID” (n) “desire, wish”	want for others, want something to happen
wit	tunk	n	NL < Qenya “tunke” (bright, smart, witty)
with this in mind	zasha hugor	expr	NL, see “za”, “sha”, “hug”, “or”
withstand	bronb-	v	NL < Noldorin “brenia” (to endure), “bronwe” (endurance) < Etym. “BOR”, “BORON”
woe	nîrth	n	NL, merging “nîth-” (complain), “nirz” (corrupted) (see corresponding articles) with Qenya “nyére” (grief), Gnomish “nîr” (compare with “Mornie”, a ship of the dead souls) < Etym. “NAY” (lament), Primitive Elvish roots “NAY” (cause bitter grief or pain), “ŊAHYA” (hurt, grieve), “NYEHE” (weep)	more like about some disastrous event; add abstract suffix “-urm” to clarify meaning of reaction to it
wonder	ilm-	v	NL < Gnomish “elm(en)” (wonder, marvel, n.)	usually passive with object in Instrumental case
wonder	kizg-	v	NL < Quenya “cesya” (to cause interest, to cause one to enquire) < “ces” (to search, examine)	to want to know; use with object in instrumental case
work	bul	n	NL < DS (PO) “bulu” < Quenya “mólë” (n) < Etym. (AC) “(M)BOL”?
worry	mudh-	v	NL < RN < LOS, HG “mudhn-”	transitive
worship	gorth-	v	merging NL “gorm” (reverence) < Etym. “ÑGOROTH” (dread, fear) with Sindarin “gorth” (dread, horror, dead), PN “Gorthaur” (moniker of Sauron) of same etymology and with Gnomish “gort” (idol), “gorthin” (fane, temple), “dungort”, “dumgort(h)” (evil idol) and Qenya “korda” (temple)	believe in deity; object of worship should be in Dative case
wrath	uruth	n	NL < Sindarin “oroth”, “rûth”, Quenya “ursa” < Primitive Elvish root “RUTH”
wrong	firk	adj	NL < LOS “fik” (bad) + Qenya “perqa”	be wrong (once) by mistake
wrong	raik	adj	NL < Quenya “raika” (also “crooked, bent”), Noldorin “rhoeg” < Etym. “RÁYAK”, “RAG”; also Gnomish “raig” (awry, twisted, distorted, perverted, wrong)	systematically wrong; wrong by nature, behavior

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