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--- verb_to_be [2020/06/06 23:31] – [Grammatical forms of verb "kulat"] morgoth
+++ verb_to_be [2022/09/21 01:12] (current) – [Grammatical forms of verb "kulat"] morgoth
@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-====== Verb "to be" ======
+====== Verb “to be” ======
 The verb //kulat// is equivalent to English "to be". It's the only //irregular// [[grammar_verb|verb]] in [[Nûrlâm]]. It is used more rarely in Nûrlâm than in English for many reasons:
-  * For designation of state of being the verb "kul-" was required only in archaic language. Standard language described here and moreover colloquial speech do not use it for present [[grammar_tense|tense]]. So the sentences like "I am orc", "Sky is blue" should be translated in Nûrlâm as "I orc" (Izg uruk), "Sky blue" (Nût ulb). However it is still obligatory for past and future tenses.
+  * For designation of state of being the verb "kul-" was required only in [[archaic_style|archaic language]]. Standard language described here and moreover colloquial speech do not use it for present [[grammar_tense|tense]]. So the sentences like "I am orc", "Sky is blue" should be translated in Nûrlâm as "I orc" (Izg uruk), "Sky blue" (Nût ulb). However it is still obligatory for past and future tenses.
-  * Agglutinative [[morphology]] of Black Speech do not require auxilary verbs to express many [[grammar|grammatical forms]].
+  * Agglutinative [[morphology]] of Black Speech do not require auxiliary verbs to express many [[grammar|grammatical forms]].
   * It's used much less with [[syntax_impersonal|impersonal sentences]].
 However the verb "to be" is used in following constructions:
   * Future non-perfect tenses as auxiliary verb.
-  * In past or future tense with dependent noun, adjective or participle.
+  * In past or future tense with [[syntax_predicate#compound_predicate|predicative]] (dependent noun, adjective or participle).
 ---------------------------------------------
-===== Grammatical forms of verb "kulat" =====
+===== Grammatical forms of verb “kulat” =====
-^ Form           ^ Black Speech ^ English ^
+^ Form           ^ Black Speech ^ English ^ Examples ^
-| Infinitve      | kulut | to be |
+| Infinitve   | kulut | to be | To be or not to be = __Kulut__ ogh nar__kulut__ |
-| Past           | kuz-  | was/were |
+| Past        | kuz   | was/were | I was there 3000 years ago = Ta__kuz__ zîgin krig mink lau krut |
-| Present        | kul-  | is/are/am |
+| Present     | kul   | is/are/am | I am vengeance! I am death! = Da__kul__ paiturm! Da__kul__ gurz! |
-| Future         | kub-  | will/shall |
+| ::: | ::: | ::: | Property is theft = Tabzurm __kulâ__ orskurm |
-| Jussive        | kul   | be |
+| Future      | kub   | will/shall (be) | Your death will be painful = Gurzfib __kubâ__ hrizgûrz |
-| Subjunctive I  | kuz   | be |
+| ::: | ::: | ::: | I will be still repairing it when you'll return = Da__kub__rad krukramputan amil fikruskâtub |
-| Subjunctive II | kulg  | would |
+| Imperative / Jussive | kul   | be | Be happy! = __Kul__ glaz |
+| Subjunctive | kulg  | would be / would like | He would be a king = Ta__kulg__ ash arn |

Nûrlâm –Black Speech dialect wiki

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