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syntax_possession [2021/09/10 13:48] – [Dynamic] morgothsyntax_possession [2022/04/24 12:33] (current) – Changed some examples of passive with special verb suffix instead of participles morgoth
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 ====== Expressions of possession ====== ====== Expressions of possession ======
 **//Possession//** of objects express asymmetrical relation between [[syntax_subject|subject]] and [[syntax_object|object]] or between two objects: **//Possession//** of objects express asymmetrical relation between [[syntax_subject|subject]] and [[syntax_object|object]] or between two objects:
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 Nûrlâm do not have distinct possessive case, but //genitive case// is the most common way to mark **owner** (possessor) of subject or object. Possessive expression in that case may be considered as [[syntax_determiner|modifier]]. When the possessor is a one-syllable long pronoun it may join the possessed noun as [[clitics|clitic]]. Nûrlâm do not have distinct possessive case, but //genitive case// is the most common way to mark **owner** (possessor) of subject or object. Possessive expression in that case may be considered as [[syntax_determiner|modifier]]. When the possessor is a one-syllable long pronoun it may join the possessed noun as [[clitics|clitic]].
  
-Example 1: "__His__ house is huge" = "Dâr__tab__ (kulâ) bhâ".+Example 1: "__His__ house is huge" = "Ozd __tab__ (kulâ) bhâ".
  
 Example 2: "They came to the forest of elves" = "Takskâtuz tauzu golug__ob__" Example 2: "They came to the forest of elves" = "Takskâtuz tauzu golug__ob__"
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 Comitative case (clitic postposition //-sha//, mostly identical to English preposition "with") may be sometimes used to mark the **property** (the possessed) of subject or object. Such expressions are also considered as modifiers. Usually comitative case means that marked noun is the part of subject or another object. Comitative case (clitic postposition //-sha//, mostly identical to English preposition "with") may be sometimes used to mark the **property** (the possessed) of subject or object. Such expressions are also considered as modifiers. Usually comitative case means that marked noun is the part of subject or another object.
  
-Example 1: "Orc with knife is terrorizing the local area" = "Uruk karm__sha__ gothuglâ hofum"((added "goth" (dread, war, strife) to "ugl-" (simply "frighten") to emphasize the meaning))+Example 1: "Orc with knife is terrorizing the local area" = "Uruk kirm__sha__ gothuglâ hofum"((added "goth" (dread, war, strife) to "ugl-" (simply "frighten") to emphasize the meaning))
  
 Example 2: "Mug is a beaker with handle" = "Zân kulâ kolk unral__sha__" Example 2: "Mug is a beaker with handle" = "Zân kulâ kolk unral__sha__"
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 ^ passive | possession      | owner      | ^ passive | possession      | owner      |
  
-Example 1: "Uruk brusâ ash karm" = "Orc has a knife"+Example 1: "Uruk brusâ ash kirm" = "Orc has a knife"
  
-Example 2: "Karm kulâ tabzag urukirzi" = "Knife is owned by the orc"+Example 2: "Kirm kulâ tabzag urukirzi" = "Knife is owned by the orc"
  
 The verb "aud-" (to belong) shows that subject is a property and the object is an owner. Direct object is required to be in [[case_dative|Dative case]]. This verb cannot be in passive voice, as it's already turns subject into patient of an action. The verb "aud-" (to belong) shows that subject is a property and the object is an owner. Direct object is required to be in [[case_dative|Dative case]]. This verb cannot be in passive voice, as it's already turns subject into patient of an action.
  
-Example: "Karm audâ urukûr" = "Knife belongs to orc"+Example: "Kirm audâ urukûr" = "Knife belongs to orc"
  
 The verb "kul-" (to be) may replace all these verbs. But then possessor should be marked with //genitive case// and the possession with //comitative case//. The verb "kul-" (to be) may replace all these verbs. But then possessor should be marked with //genitive case// and the possession with //comitative case//.
  
-Example 1: "Za karm kulâ urukob" = "This knife is orc's"+Example 1: "Za kirm kulâ urukob" = "This knife is orc's"
  
-Example 2: "Za uruk kulâ karmsha" = "This orc is with knife"+Example 2: "Za uruk kulâ kirmsha" = "This orc is with knife"
  
 ==== Dynamic ===== ==== Dynamic =====
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 === Obtaining the ownership === === Obtaining the ownership ===
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 The following verbs usually indicate obtaining the ownership over the direct object: The following verbs usually indicate obtaining the ownership over the direct object:
   * brash- (get, gain, obtain, retrieve)   * brash- (get, gain, obtain, retrieve)
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   * snab- (get, acquire, lay hold of, take)   * snab- (get, acquire, lay hold of, take)
   * thrak- (to bring, hale, drag)   * thrak- (to bring, hale, drag)
-  * tidurb- (conquer)+  * thudurb- (conquer)
   * tûz- (buy, purchase, trade)   * tûz- (buy, purchase, trade)
  
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 ^ Number of\\ participants ^  Roles of  ^^^^^ Examples ^ ^ Number of\\ participants ^  Roles of  ^^^^^ Examples ^
 ^ ::: ^  subject     ^  direct object  ^  direct object's\\ possessive modifier\\ (genitive case)  ^  indirect object\\ (dative case)  ^  indirect object\\ (ablative case)  ^ ::: ^ ^ ::: ^  subject     ^  direct object  ^  direct object's\\ possessive modifier\\ (genitive case)  ^  indirect object\\ (dative case)  ^  indirect object\\ (ablative case)  ^ ::: ^
-|  1  |  new owner   |  possession((accusative case, optional for some verbs))  |  –  |  –  |  –  | Da orskuz nazgum = I stole the ring | +|  1  |  new owner   |  possession((accusative case, optional for some verbs))  |  ---  |  ---  |  ---  | Da orskuz nazgum = I stole the ring | 
-|  2  |  new owner   | ::: |  old owner  |  –  |  –  | Da orskuz nazgum mâkh__ob__ = I stole the master's ring | +|  2  |  new owner   | ::: |  old owner  |  ---  |  ---  | Da orskuz nazgum mâgz__ob__ = I stole the master's ring | 
-|  2  |  agent       | ::: |  –  |  new owner  |  –  | Danorkuz nazgum mâkh__ûr__ = I took the ring for the master | +|  2  |  agent       | ::: |  ---  |  new owner  |  ---  | Danorkuz nazgum mâgz__ûr__ = I took the ring for the master | 
-|  2  |  new owner   | ::: |  –  |  –  |  old owner  | Danorkuz nazgum piraga__bo__ = I took the ring from hobbit | +|  2  |  new owner   | ::: |  ---  |  ---  |  old owner  | Danorkuz nazgum piraga__bo__ = I took the ring from hobbit | 
-|  3  |  agent       | ::: |  old owner  |  new owner  |  –  | Uruk thrakubû nazg gazat__ob__ Nazgûl__ûr__ = Orcs will bring dwarven rings to Nazgûl | +|  3  |  agent       | ::: |  old owner  |  new owner  |  ---  | Uruk thrakubû nazg gazat__ob__ Nazgûl__ûr__ = Orcs will bring dwarven rings to Nazgûl | 
-|  3  |  final owner  | ::: |  first owner  |  –  |  second owner  | Shargroth nântuzâ nazgum golug__ob__ Lûntarth__bo__ = Gandalf got the elven ring from Círdan((names Gandlaf and Cirdan were translated from "Grey Man" (compare with Saruman's "Sharkû" = "Old Man") and "Ship-wright" respectively)) |  +|  3  |  final owner  | ::: |  first owner  |  ---  |  second owner  | Shargroth nântuzâ nazgum golug__ob__ Lûntarth__bo__ = Gandalf got the elven ring from Círdan((names Gandlaf and Cirdan were translated from "Grey Man" (compare with Saruman's "Sharkû" = "Old Man") and "Ship-wright" respectively)) |  
-|  3  |  agent       | ::: |  –  |  new owner  |  old owner  | Urukhai ropuzû nazgum piraga__bo__ goth__ûr__ takob = Orc seized the ring from halflings for their Master | +|  3  |  agent       | ::: |  ---  |  new owner  |  old owner  | Urukhai ropuzû nazgum piraga__bo__ goth__ûr__ takob = Orc seized the ring from halflings for their Master | 
-|  4  |  agent\\ (third owner)  | ::: |  first owner  |  final owner  |  second owner  | Nazgûl dikuzû nazgum gazat__ob__  Thráin__bo__ Mâkhbûrz__ûr__ = Nazgûl captured the dwarven ring from Thráin for the Dark Lord |+|  4  |  agent\\ (third owner)  | ::: |  first owner  |  final owner  |  second owner  | Nazgûl dikuzû nazgum gazat__ob__  Thráin__bo__ Mâgzbûrz__ûr__ = Nazgûl captured the dwarven ring from Thráin for the Dark Lord |
  
 ^  Passive voice  ^^^^^^^  ^  Passive voice  ^^^^^^^ 
 ^ Number of\\ participants ^  Roles of  ^^^^^ Examples ^ ^ Number of\\ participants ^  Roles of  ^^^^^ Examples ^
 ^ ::: ^  subject     ^  subject's\\ possessive modifier\\ (genitive case)  ^  direct object\\ (instrumental case)  ^  indirect object\\ (dative case)  ^  indirect object\\ (ablative case)  ^ ::: ^ ^ ::: ^  subject     ^  subject's\\ possessive modifier\\ (genitive case)  ^  direct object\\ (instrumental case)  ^  indirect object\\ (dative case)  ^  indirect object\\ (ablative case)  ^ ::: ^
-|  1  |  possession  |  –  |  new owner  |  –  |  –  | Nazgum kuzâ orskaga uruk__irzi__ = The ring was stolen by orcs | +|  1  |  possession  |  ---  |  new owner  |  ---  |  ---  | Nazgum orskâkuzâ uruk__irzi__ = The ring was stolen by orcs | 
-|  2  | ::: |  old owner  |  new owner  |  –  |  –  | Nazgum mâkh__ob__ kuzâ orskaga da__rzi__ = The master's ring was stolen by me | +|  2  | ::: |  old owner  |  new owner  |  ---  |  ---  | Nazgum mâgz__ob__ kuzâ orskaga da__rzi__ = The master's ring was stolen by me | 
-|  2  | ::: |  –  |  agent  |  new owner  |  –  | Nazgum kuzâ orskaga da__rzi__ mâkhdab__ûr__ = The ring was stolen by me for my master | +|  2  | ::: |  ---  |  agent  |  new owner  |  ---  | Nazgum orskâkuzâ da__rzi__ mâgz dab__ûr__ = The ring was stolen by me for my master | 
-|  2  | ::: |  –  |  new owner  |  –  |  old owner  | Nazgum kuzâ norkaga piraga__bo__ uruk__irzi__ = The ring was taken from hobbit by orcs | +|  2  | ::: |  ---  |  new owner  |  ---  |  old owner  | Nazgum norkâkuzâ piraga__bo__ uruk__irzi__ = The ring was taken from hobbit by orcs | 
-|  3  | ::: |  old owner  |  agent  |  new owner  |  –  | Nazg gazat__ob__ kulû thrakat Nazgûl__ûr__ uruk__irzi__ = Dwarven rings are to be brought by orcs for Nazgûl((passive action here is expressed with gerundive)) | +|  3  | ::: |  old owner  |  agent  |  new owner  |  ---  | Nazg gazat__ob__ kulû thrakat Nazgûl__ûr__ uruk__irzi__ = Dwarven rings are to be brought by orcs for Nazgûl((passive action here is expressed with gerundive)) | 
-|  3  | ::: |  first owner  |  final owner  |  –  |  second owner  | Nazgum golug__ob__ kuzâ nântaga Shargroth__irzi__ Lûntarth__bo__ = The elven ring was received by Gandalf from Círdan | +|  3  | ::: |  first owner  |  final owner  |  ---  |  second owner  | Nazgum golug__ob__ kuzâ nântaga Shargroth__irzi__ Lûntarth__bo__ = The elven ring was received by Gandalf from Círdan | 
-|  3  | ::: |  –  |  agent  |  new owner  |  old owner  | Nazgum kuzâ ropaga uruk__irzi__ piraga__bo__ goth__ûr__ takob = The ring was seized by orcs from hobbits for their master | +|  3  | ::: |  ---  |  agent  |  new owner  |  old owner  | Nazgum ropâkuzâ uruk__irzi__ piraga__bo__ goth__ûr__ takob = The ring was seized by orcs from hobbits for their master | 
-|  4  | ::: |  first owner  |  agent\\ (third owner)  |  final owner  |  second owner  | Nazg gazat__ob__ kuzâ dikaga Nazgûlirzi Thráin__bo__ Mâkhbûrz__ûr__ = The dwarven ring was captured by Nazgûl from Thráin for the Dark Lord |+|  4  | ::: |  first owner  |  agent\\ (third owner)  |  final owner  |  second owner  | Nazg gazat__ob__ dikâkuzâ Nazgûlirzi Thráin__bo__ Mâgzbûrz__ûr__ = The dwarven ring was captured by Nazgûl from Thráin for the Dark Lord |
  
 === Loosing the ownership === === Loosing the ownership ===
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   * bûf- (lose)   * bûf- (lose)
   * draug (sell)   * draug (sell)
-  * hud- (throw, cast, toss) 
   * rang- (abandon, leave)   * rang- (abandon, leave)
   * throg- (give, grant, yield, tribute, make gift, bestow, endow, indue)   * throg- (give, grant, yield, tribute, make gift, bestow, endow, indue)
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 ^ Number of\\ participants ^  Roles of  ^^^^ Examples ^ ^ Number of\\ participants ^  Roles of  ^^^^ Examples ^
 ^ ::: ^  subject     ^  direct object  ^  direct object's\\ possessive modifier\\ (genitive case)  ^  indirect object\\ (dative case)  ^ ::: ^ ^ ::: ^  subject     ^  direct object  ^  direct object's\\ possessive modifier\\ (genitive case)  ^  indirect object\\ (dative case)  ^ ::: ^
-|  1  |  old owner  |  possession  |  –  |  –  | Dabûfuz nazgum = I lost the ring | +|  1  |  old owner  |  possession  |  ---  |  ---  | Dabûfuz nazgum = I lost the ring | 
-|  2  |  agent      |  :::  |  old owner  |  –  | Gazat drauguz yak tak__ob__ = Dwarves sold their weapons | +|  2  |  agent      |  :::  |  old owner  |  ---  | Gazat drauguz yak tak__ob__ = Dwarves sold their weapons | 
-|  2  |  old owner  |  :::  |  –  |  new owner  |   | +|  2  |  old owner  |  :::  |  ---  |  new owner  | Kudug ranguzâ nazgum ash nurtab__ûr__ = Hobbit left the ring for his relative | 
-|  3  |  agent      |  :::  |  old owner  |  new owner  | Hobbit gave the ring to his  |+|  3  |  agent      |  :::  |  old owner  |  new owner  | Lûntharth throguzâ nazgum golug__ob__ Shargroth__ûr__ = Círdan gave the elven ring to Gandalf  |
  
 ^  Passive voice  ^^^^^^ ^  Passive voice  ^^^^^^
 ^ Number of\\ participants ^  Roles of  ^^^^ Examples ^ ^ Number of\\ participants ^  Roles of  ^^^^ Examples ^
 ^ ::: ^  subject     ^  subject's\\ possessive modifier\\ (genitive case)  ^  direct object\\ (instrumental case)  ^  indirect object\\ (dative case)  ^ ::: ^ ^ ::: ^  subject     ^  subject's\\ possessive modifier\\ (genitive case)  ^  direct object\\ (instrumental case)  ^  indirect object\\ (dative case)  ^ ::: ^
 +|  1  |  possession  |  ---  |  old owner  |  ---  | Nazgum bûfâkuzâ Gollum__irzi__ = The ring was lost by Gollum |
 +|  2  |  :::  |  first owner  |  agent /\\ second owner  |  ---  | Yak golug__ob__ kuzâ draugaga gazat__irzi__ = Elven weapon was sold by dwarves |
 +|  2  |  :::  |  ---  |  agent /\\ old owner  |  new owner  | Nazgum kuzâ rangaga Frodo__zûr__ Bilbo__rzi__  = The ring was left by Bilbo for Frodo |
 +|  3  |  :::  |  first owner  |  agent\\ (second owner)  |  final owner  | Nazg gazat__ob__ throgâkuzû Nazgûl__ûr__ uruk__irzi__ = Dwarven rings were given to Nazgûl by orcs |
  
- +The verb "kurb-" (to exchange, barter, trade) express both obtaining and loosing the ownership. New owner (indirect object) should be marked with //comitative case//. 
-The verb "praush-" (to trade, exchange the loot) express both obtaining and loosing the ownership. New owner (indirect object) should be marked with //comitative case//. +
  
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