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--- syntax_negative [2021/06/07 21:03] – morgoth
+++ syntax_negative [2022/01/23 13:19] (current) – [Double negation] morgoth
@@ Line 3: / Line 3: @@
 Negation was actively used in [[black_speech_dialects#Shadowlandian|Shadowlandian dialect]] for word derivation, especially with adjectives and adverbs. For example, "narfik" (lit. "not bad" = "good"). Nûrlâm rarely use negation for derivation.
-<WRAP center round alert 60%>
-This article is a draft
-<todo !!!>complete the article</todo>
-</WRAP>
 ===== Negation of verbs =====
-Typically negation is used express falsity of statement as whole, which is achieved by negation of predicate. Prefix //nar-// then goes after clitic pronoun of subject (if the sentence has it) but before any other verbs' prefixes (e.g. in combination with interrogative prefix //mar-// in questions). If the predicate is complex (usually consisting of main verb or modal verb and the infinitive), then negation prefix is added to the main or modal verb but not to the infinitive.
+Typically negation is used express falsity of statement as whole, which is achieved by negation of predicate. Prefix //nar-// then goes after clitic pronoun of subject (if the sentence has it) but before any other verbs' prefixes (e.g. in combination with interrogative prefix //mar-// in questions). If the predicate is complex (usually consisting of "light" verb or modal verb and the main verb expressed by infinitive), then negation prefix is added to the modal or "light" verb but not to the infinitive.
-Negation is also needed in expressions of prohibitions closely related to directive modalities (most frequently with [[mood_imperative|imperative mood]]). For example "Do not touch it!" (= <todo !>translation needed</todo>).
+Negation is also needed in expressions of prohibitions closely related to directive modalities (most frequently with [[mood_imperative|imperative mood]]). For example "Do not touch it!" (= "Nargrauran!").
 ===== Negation of nouns and pronouns =====
-Negation of nouns and personal pronouns is used when needed to show, that action in statement is not wrong or false itself, but specified subject or object were wrong. Compare
+Negation of nouns and personal pronouns is used when needed to show, that action in statement is not wrong or false itself, but specified subject or object were wrong. Compare:
 ^ English ^ Nûrlâm ^ comments ^
-| He didn't kill a dragon | | verb negated, action didn't happen at all |
+| He didn't kill a dragon | Ta__nar__doguz ash lûg | verb negated, action didn't happen at all |
-| He killed not a dragon (but ...) | | object negated, action happened, but with another object |
+| Dragon didn't kill him | Lûg __nar__doguzan | ::: |
-| (It's) not he (who) killed the dragon | | subject negated, action occurred with that object, but performer was another person |
+| He killed not a dragon (but ...) | Tadoguz __nar__ ash lûg (nân ...) | object negated, action happened, but with another object |
+| Dragon killed not him (but ...) | Lûg doguz __nar__tash (nân ... ) | ::: |
+| (It's) not he (who) killed the dragon | __Nar__tadoguz lûgum | subject negated, action occurred with that object, but performer was another person |
+| (It's) not the dragon killed him (but Balrog) | __Nar__ lûgum doguzan (nân Balrog) | ::: |
 Should not be mixed with [[syntax_absence|expressions of absence]] (w/ genitive case).
 ===== Negation of adjectives and adverbs =====
-If adjectival or adverbial phrase is a part of predicative (usually with [[the verb "to be"]], less often "to become" and others) and the sentence do not have clause with alternative to it (started with conjunctions like "but"), then negation should be added to the verb. And negation of these modifiers is rarely seen outside these two cases except word derivation.
+If adjectival or adverbial phrase is a part of predicative (usually with the [[verb "to be"]], less often "to become" and others) and the sentence do not have clause with alternative to it (started with conjunctions like "but"), then negation should be added to the verb. And negation of these modifiers is rarely seen outside these two cases except word derivation.
 ===== Double negation =====
+> We don't need no education
+> We don't need no thought control
 Double negation may occur when sentence to be negated already has negative pro-form (like "nobody", "nowhere", etc.)
-For example English "Never return" may be converted into "Don't ever return" (flawed language but no pure grammatical errors), while Russian requires adding negative particle both to pronoun and verb (with literal translations "Never don't return" or more precisely "Never not return"). Nûrlâm does not have unified rules on double negation. However negative pro-form should go before the verb without negation, even if pro-form is an adverbial which usually placed after the verb. So translations "Naril kruskât", "Narkruskât milkon", "Narkruskât naril" and "Naril narkruskât" are all valid.
+For example English "Never return" may be converted into "Don't ever return" (flawed language but no pure grammatical errors), while Russian requires adding negative particle both to pronoun and verb (with literal translations "Never don't return" or more precisely "Never not return"). French allows double negation (expressions with "ne ... pas"). Nûrlâm does not have unified rules on double negation. However negative pro-form should go before the verb without negation, even if pro-form is an adverbial which usually placed after the verb. So translations "Naril kruskât", "Narkruskât milkon", "Narkruskât naril" and "Naril narkruskât" are all valid, but "Kruskât naril" should be avoided (but not counted as a serious mistake). Pink Floyd's quote at the beginning of this chapter may be translated as "Daknarbolkû nar tailurm. Daknarbolkû nar ûsdurburm" (lit. "We no need no training. We no need no thought constraining".)

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