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--- syntax_direction [2024/10/03 18:41] – created morgoth
+++ syntax_direction [2025/03/21 18:44] (current) – morgoth
@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 ====== Expressions of directions ======
 <WRAP center round todo 60%>
-The article is under construction\\ <todo !!!>finish the table and description</todo>
+The article is under construction\\ <todo !!!>finish the description</todo>
 </WRAP>
-All basic words for directions (such as left, down, inside, etc.) are nouns in Nûrlâm. [[case_locative| Locative cases]]' postpositions are used to express relative positions of objects or direction of their movement. For example the word "latr" means "bottom side", it cannot be used as is to express that something is going down, so it should be put in allative case.
+Basic words for directions (such as "left", "down", "inside", etc.) are nouns in Nûrlâm, but [[proform|pro-forms]] "here" and "there" can be also included into this category. [[case_locative| Locative cases]]' postpositions are used to express relative positions of objects or direction of their movement. For example the word "latr" means "bottom side", it cannot be used as is to express that something is going down, so it should be put in allative case.
 Some postpositions of locative cases already express position or direction by their own (no need to say "to the inside of the house" when you can just say "inside the house"), but in Nûrlâm they still cannot be used stand-alone without a noun.
-^  Direction,\\ side  ^  Adjective  ^  Static                  ^^  Approaching             ^^  Entering                ^^  Leaving  ^^
+^  Direction,\\ side  ^  Adjective  ^  Static  ^  Approaching  ^  Entering  ^  Leaving  ^
-^ :::               ^ :::           ^  standalone  ^  relative  ^  standalone  ^  relative  ^  standalone  ^  relative  ^  standalone  ^  relative  ^
+|  **left**\\ \\ farkh  |  **left**\\ \\ farkhûrz  |  **at the left**\\ \\ farkhor  |  **to the left,\\ leftwards**\\ farkhu  |  **into the left** \\ \\ farkhishi  |  **from the left** \\ \\ farkhbo  |
-|  **left**\\ \\ farkh  |  **left**\\ \\ farkhûrz  |  **at the left**\\ \\ farkhor  |  **of/from ...**\\ \\ ...-GEN  |  **to the left,\\ leftwards**\\ farkhu  |  **of/from ...**\\ \\ ...-ABL  |  **into the left** \\ \\ farkhishi  |  **of ...**\\ \\ ...-GEN  |  **from the left** \\ \\ farkhbo  |  **of ...**\\ \\ ...-ABL/GEN  |
+|  **right**\\ \\ forg  |  **right**\\ \\ forgûrz  |  **at the right**\\ \\ forgor  |  **to the right,\\ rightwards**\\ forgu  |  **into the right** \\ \\ forgishi  |  **from the right** \\ \\ forgbo  |
-|  **right**\\ \\ forg  |  **right**\\ \\ forgûrz  |  **at the right**\\ \\ forgor  |  **of/from ...**\\ \\ ...-GEN  |  **to the right,\\ rightwards**\\ forgu  |  **of/from ...**\\ \\ ...-ABL  |  **into the right** \\ \\ forgishi  |  **of ...**\\ \\ ...-GEN  |  **from the right** \\ \\ forgbo  |  **of ...**\\ \\ ...-ABL/GEN  |
+|  **front**\\ \\ \\ \\ drom  |  **front,\\ forward**\\ \\ \\ dromûrz  |  **at the front,\\ ahead,\\ before**\\ \\ dromor  |  **to the front,\\ forwards,\\ frontwards,\\ ahead**\\ dromu  |  **into the front** \\ \\ \\ \\ dromishi  |  **from the front** \\ \\ \\ \\ drombo  |
-|  **front**\\ \\ \\ \\ drom  |  **front,\\ forward**\\ \\ \\ dromûrz  |  **at the front,\\ ahead,\\ before**\\ \\ dromor  |  **of ...,\\ before the ...\\ afront of ...**\\ \\ ...-GEN  |  **to the front,\\ forwards,\\ frontwards,\\ ahead**\\ dromu  |  **of ...**\\ \\ ...-ABL  |  **into the front** \\ \\ \\ \\ dromishi  |  **of ...**\\ \\ ...-GEN  |  **from the front** \\ \\ \\ \\ drombo  |  **of ...**\\ \\ ...-ABL/GEN  |
+|  **back,\\ rear,\\ hind**\\ \\ \\ krûm  |  **back,\\ backward,\\ rear,\\ hind**(er),\\ **posterior**\\ krûmûrz  |  **at the back,\\ at the rear,\\ behind** \\ \\ \\ krûmor  |  **to the rear,\\ backwards,\\ rearward,\\ hindward,**\\ \\ krûmu  |  **into the back,\\ into the rear** \\ \\ \\ \\ krûmishi  |  **from the back,\\ from the rear** \\ \\ \\ \\ krûmbo  |
-|  **back,\\ rear,\\ hind**\\ \\ forg  |  **front,\\ forward**\\ \\ forgûrz  |  **at the front,\\ ahead**\\ \\ forgor  |  **of ...**\\ \\ ...-GEN  |  **to the front,\\ before,\\ afront**\\ forgu  |  **of/from ...**\\ \\ ...-ABL  |  **into the right** \\ \\ forgishi  |  **of ...**\\ \\ ...-GEN  |  **from the right** \\ \\ forgbo  |  **of ...**\\ \\ ...-ABL/GEN  |
+^  Direction,\\ side  ^  Adjective  ^  Static  ^  Approaching  ^  Entering  ^  Leaving  ^
+|  **top,\\ up**\\ \\ \\ \\ talm  |  **top,\\ topward,\\ upper**\\ \\ \\ talûrz ((<wrap important>Irregularity</wrap>))  |  **at the top,\\ on top,\\ above**\\ \\ \\ talmir ((<wrap important>Pay attention to different case</wrap>))  |  **to the top,\\ up,\\ upwards,\\ topwards,\\ above**\\ talmu  |  **into the top,**\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ talmishi  |  **from top,\\ from above**\\ \\ \\ \\ talmbo  |
+|  **bottom,\\ down**\\ \\ \\ \\ latr  |  **bottom,\\ down,\\ downward,\\ lower**\\ \\ latûrz ((<wrap important>Irregularity</wrap>))  |  **at the bottom,\\ on the bottom,\\ beneath,\\ below,\\ down there**\\ latrir ((<wrap important>Pay attention to different case</wrap>))  |  **to the bottom,\\ down,\\ downwards,\\ below,\\ underneath**\\ latru  |  **into the bottom**\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ latrishi  |  **from the bottom,\\ from below**\\ \\ \\ \\ latrah ((<wrap important>Pay attention to different case</wrap>))  |
+|  **nigh,\\ nearness,\\ proximity,\\ vicinity**\\ \\ \\ mush  |  **near,\\ close,\\ adjacent**\\ \\ \\ mûsh,\\ mushûrz  |  **nearby,\\ next (to),\\ close (to),\\ in proximity,\\ in vicinity**\\ \\ mushor  |  **next (to),\\ close (to),\\ towards nearness**\\ \\ \\ \\ mushu  |  **into vicinity,\\ into proximity**\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ mushishi  |  **from close range,\\ from close distance**\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ mushbo  |
+|  **distance,\\ farness**\\ \\ \\ baub  |  **far,\\ far-off,\\ distant,\\ remote**\\ baubûrz  |  **far away,\\ away,\\ afar,\\ at a distance**\\ baubor  |  **far away,\\ towards distance**\\ \\ \\ baubu  |  **into the distance**\\ \\ \\ \\ baubishi  |  **from afar,\\ from a distance**\\ \\ \\ baub-bo  |
+^  Direction,\\ side  ^  Adjective  ^  Static  ^  Approaching  ^  Entering  ^  Leaving  ^
+|  **inside,\\ interior**\\ \\ nâd  |  **inner,\\ internal,\\ interior**\\ nâdûrz  |  **inside,\\ within**\\ \\ nâdor  |  **inwards**\\ \\ \\ nâdu  |  **inside**\\ \\ \\ nâdishi  |  **from (the) inside,\\ from within**\\ \\ nâdah ((<wrap important>Pay attention to different case</wrap>))  |
+|  **outside,\\ exterior,\\ surface**\\ lût  |  **outer,\\ external,\\ exterior**\\ lûtûrz  |  **outside,\\ beyond,\\ outdoors**\\ lûtir ((<wrap important>Pay attention to different case</wrap>))  |  **outwards**\\ \\ \\ lûtu  |  **outside,\\ beyond**\\ \\ lûtishi  |  **from (the) outside,\\ from beyond**\\ \\ lûtbo  |
+|  **here**\\ \\ zin  |  **local,\\ of this place**\\ zinûrz,\\ zinob  |  **here**\\ \\ zin  |  **hereto,\\ hither**\\ zinu  |  **into here**\\ \\ zinishi  |  **from here,\\ hence**\\ zinah ((<wrap important>Pay attention to different case</wrap>))  |
+|  **there**\\ \\ zigin  |  **local,\\ of that place**\\ ziginûrz,\\ ziginob  |  **there**\\ \\ zigin  |  **thereto,\\ thither**\\ ziginu  |  **into there**\\ \\ ziginishi  |  **from here,\\ thence**\\ ziginah ((<wrap important>Pay attention to different case</wrap>))  |
+^  Direction,\\ side  ^  Adjective  ^  Static  ^  Approaching  ^  Entering  ^  Leaving  ^
+Relative expressions clarifying which side of which object is mentioned are formed with Genitive case (//-ob//), and expressions describing initial position or reference point are //usually// formed with Ablative case (//-bo//). For example "to the left side of the house" = "farkhu ozdumob", but "to the left side from the house" = "farkhu ozdumbo", but the latter better be phrased as "from the house to the left side" = "ozdumbo farkhu". Please, consult "Comments" column of the dictionary's entries of directional words for more precise information about the usage of such relative constructions.
 ===== In colloquial speech and subdialects =====
-In colloquial speech the more formal expressions with nouns may use the wrong cases: substitute Ablative case with Genitive, or use Allative and Illative cases interchangeably.
+In colloquial speech the more formal expressions with nouns may use the wrong cases: substitute Ablative case with Genitive in relative expressions, or use Allative and Illative cases with directional words themselves interchangeably.
-Some of the expressions described above are clunky. It's impossible to express relative adverbials (e.g. "go <wrap wavy_underline>higher</wrap>") using expressions based on nouns. And so, like in English, which has some synonyms of directional words of Germanic and Romance origin, some shorter adverbs appeared in Nûrlâm. They can be used to describe static position or motion towards that direction.
+Some of the expressions described above are clunky. It's impossible to express relative adverbials (e.g. "go <wrap wavy_underline>higher</wrap>") using expressions based on nouns. And so, like in English, which has some synonyms of directional words of Germanic and Romance origin, some shorter adverbs appeared in Nûrlâm. They can be used to describe static position or motion towards that direction. For example "farkharz" (left) in the expressions like "go [to the] left" => "ukh farkharz".

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