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syntax_direct_speech

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syntax_direct_speech [2022/03/11 22:08] – created morgothsyntax_direct_speech [2022/03/18 22:40] (current) – [Quote] morgoth
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 ====== Direct and Indirect Speech ====== ====== Direct and Indirect Speech ======
-<WRAP center round todo 60%> 
-<todo !!!>translations and examples needed</todo> 
-</WRAP> 
- 
 //Direct// and //Indirect// speech are both used by speaker or writer to describe, report or quote speech of other person. This person is usually mentioned in author's clause. //Direct// and //Indirect// speech are both used by speaker or writer to describe, report or quote speech of other person. This person is usually mentioned in author's clause.
  
 ==== Example ==== ==== Example ====
 ^ ^ English ^ Nûrlâm ^ ^ ^ English ^ Nûrlâm ^
-| Direct speech   | He said: "I will come tomorrow" | | +^ Direct speech   | He said: "I will come tomorrow" | Tagashnuz: "Daskâtub ârshab" | 
-| Indirect speech | He said that he will come tomorrow | |+^ Indirect speech | He said that he will come tomorrow | Tagashnuz (zamash) taskâtub ârshab |
  
 +-------------------------
 ===== Direct Speech ===== ===== Direct Speech =====
-**//Direct speech//** is used to represent the speech of other person exactly with the same words as they were, with all errors and phonetical . Direct speech is not a member of complex sentence, but individual words may be syntactically analyzed within the direct speech. +**//Direct speech//** is used to represent the speech of other person exactly with the same words as they were, with all errors and phonetical . Direct speech is not a member of complex sentence, but individual words may be syntactically analyzed within the direct speech.
  
 ==== Punctuation ==== ==== Punctuation ====
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 ===== Quote ===== ===== Quote =====
 Usually the term **//quote//** is used synonymously with //direct speech// but it is not always so. Quote may belong to member of sentence: Usually the term **//quote//** is used synonymously with //direct speech// but it is not always so. Quote may belong to member of sentence:
-<todo !!!>example needed</todo>+^ English | Everyone knows that Ring Inscription starts with "Ash nazg...", but what is next? | 
 +^ Nûrlâm  | ûgh îstâ zamash Nazg Zarbûrm îsâ "Ash nazg..." irzi, nân mash (kulâ) ab? | 
 +In this example ''with "Ash nazg"'' is an adverbial of verb ''starts'' and is not a direct speech.
  
 +---------------------------
 ===== Indirect Speech ===== ===== Indirect Speech =====
 **//Indirect speech//** is used to represent the speech of other person in speaker's words. It is usually introduced by relative [[conjunctions|conjunction]] "that" = "zamash". Author's speech is [[syntax_parenthesis|introductionary clause]] of the sentence. Inside indirect speech personal [[pronouns]] are usually transformed from 1st or 2nd person into 3rd person. However if person who was addressee of direct speech in 3rd person becomes a listener of indirect speech, he will be mentioned in 2nd person. **//Indirect speech//** is used to represent the speech of other person in speaker's words. It is usually introduced by relative [[conjunctions|conjunction]] "that" = "zamash". Author's speech is [[syntax_parenthesis|introductionary clause]] of the sentence. Inside indirect speech personal [[pronouns]] are usually transformed from 1st or 2nd person into 3rd person. However if person who was addressee of direct speech in 3rd person becomes a listener of indirect speech, he will be mentioned in 2nd person.
  
 ^ ^ English ^ Nûrlâm ^ ^ ^ English ^ Nûrlâm ^
-^ Direct Speech   | "Tell him that **I** will kill **him**" |  | +^ Direct Speech   | "Tell him that **I** will kill **him**" | "Gashnan zamash **da**dogub**an**" | 
-^ Indirect Speech | He told that **he** will kill **you** | |+^ Indirect Speech | He told that **he** will kill **you**   | Tagashnuz zamash **ta**dogub**am** |
  
 +---------------------------
 ===== Tense agreement ===== ===== Tense agreement =====
 There is no special rules of tense agreement in Nûrlâm when using direct or indirect speech. There is no special rules of tense agreement in Nûrlâm when using direct or indirect speech.
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