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--- suffix_derivational [2022/03/19 11:57] – morgoth
+++ suffix_derivational [2026/07/12 12:40] (current) – just added spaces to repair broken indexing morgoth
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 ====== Derivational suffixes ======
-Suffix is called **//derivational//** if it changes word's class (e.g. noun from verb) or alter it's meaning preserving the class (like English adjectives //red//--//reddish//). [[Nûrlâm]] doesn't have many of such suffixes because word derivation is usually done by [[clitics]] (e.g. short adjectives, [[adpositions|postpositions]]), [[phonology|phonetical]] alteration (changing vowel length, shifting consonants, h<->kh<->k<->g<->gh) or making compound words. Another reason is frequent //[[zero-derivation]]// (also called //conversion//), when no suffix is used to convert word's class (e.g. //blûz// has meaning of noun "grain" and verb "to grind"). Some English words have no direct correspondence in Nûrlâm, and another part of speech or expression is applied for translation (for example adjective "fearful" should be translated as "full of fear" = "gûk ufurmob" or as participle "frightening" = "uglug" and adverb "fearfully" as "with fear" = "ufurmsha").
+Suffix is called **//derivational//** if it changes word's class (e.g. noun from verb) or alter it's meaning preserving the class (like English adjectives //red//--//reddish//). [[Nûrlâm]] doesn't have many of such suffixes because word derivation is usually done by [[clitics]] (e.g. short adjectives, [[adpositions|postpositions]]), [[phonology|phonetical]] alteration (changing vowel length, shifting consonants, h<->kh<->k<->g<->gh) or making compound words. Another reason is frequent //[[zero-derivation]]// (also called //conversion//), when no suffix is used to convert word's class (e.g. //blûz// has meaning of noun "grain" and verb "to grind"). Some English words have no direct correspondence in Nûrlâm, and another part of speech or expression is applied for translation (for example adjective "fearful" should be translated as "full of fear" = "gûk ufurob" or as participle "frightening" = "uglug" and adverb "fearfully" as "with fear" = "ufursha").
 Finally a table of common derivational suffixes:
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 ^ Suffix ^ Etymology ^ Meaning ^ Example ^
 | -al   | SV | agentive noun suffix: profession, occupation;\\ usually noun formed from verb | farb**al** (hunter) < farb (to hunt) |
-| -amb   | NL < Noldorin "thamb" (hall), Quenya "sambe" (room, chamber) < Etym. "STAB" | alternate noun; usually some room, building or space (like //-ry// in "armory", "cemetary", "mortuary") | khad**amb** (crypt, mausoleum) < khad (tomb) |
+| -amb   | NL < Noldorin "thamb" (hall), Quenya "sambe" (room, chamber) < Etym. "STAB" | alternate noun; usually some room, building or space for collection (like //-ry// in "armory", "cemetary", "mortuary") | khad**amb** (crypt, mausoleum) < khad (tomb) |
 | -arz  | LOS < SV similative case ending "-ârz" | adverb from adjective | hîs**arz** (quickly) < hîs (quick) |
 | -arz- | ::: | pro-adverb of reason from pronoun | mûd**arz** (somehow) < mûd (some) |
 | -ath  | SV | ? | |
-| -auk  | SV | alternate noun; usually some person or living being | gab**auk** (vagabond, tramper, hobo) < gab (to wander, travel) |
+| -auk  | SV | alternate noun; usually some person or living being; sometimes may carry a tone of passivity or disdain; so-called pejorative | gab**auk** (vagabond, tramper, hobo) < gab (to wander, travel) |
-| -aut  | NL < MERP "dahaut" (defecation), "plakaut" (pillage) | alternate noun (verbal); usually a process or motion | prauk**aut** (the pillaging) < prauk- (to pillage) |
+| -aut  | NL < MERP "dahaut" (defecation), "plakaut" (pillage) | alternate noun (verbal); usually a process or motion; similar to English //gerund//, but complies with grammar of nouns in Nûrlâm | prauk**aut** (the pillaging) < prauk- (to pillage) |
 | -âzh- | NL | normally a suffix of grammatical aspect, but may be treated as diminutive adverb modifying verbs and adjectives | bûrz**âzh** (darkish, slightly dark) < bûrz (dark) |
 | -hai  | TK, BS, AO | names of races, nations, groups of people as whole | uruk**-hai** (orcs) < uruk (orc) |
@@ Line 21: / Line 21: @@
 | -niz  | NL < Quenya "nís" (noun "woman") | "feminizer"; marks biological gender of living creatures, professions | hunk**niz** (dog) < hunk (hound) |
 | :::   | ::: | ::: | farbal**niz** (huntress) < farbal (hunter) |
-| -og   | SV < TK PN "Azog" | ? | |
+| -og   | SV < TK PN "Azog" | ?\\ probably another agentive noun suffix from Gnomish "og-" (to be able, can) or "-og" (agental or adjective suffix in Gnomish) | |
 | -ol   | TK, AO, PN "Gorgol the Butcher" | ?\\ probably an archaic form of //-al// | |
 | -ûgz  | NL < "-ug" + "-ûrz", "-ugz" initially intended for participles but rejected in favor of more uniform suffix system | alternative adjective (usually verbal or agentive) | mat**ûgz** (lethal) < mat- (to die) |
 | -um   | TK, CBS, LOTR ("burzum") | particularizing suffix or article((see PE 17)), similar to definite article | burz**um** (the darkness) < burz (darkness) |
 | ::: | ::: | ::: | ulb**um** (the blue)((color, paint)) < ulb (blue) |
-| -urm  | NL < MERP "zurm" (noise) | abstract noun, usually from adjective\\ similar to English suffixes "-ness", "-ity" | orz**urm** (poverty) < orz (poor) |
+| -urm  | NL < MERP "zurm" (noise) | abstract noun, usually from adjective\\ similar to English suffixes "-ness", "-ity", "-hood" | orz**urm** (poverty) < orz (poor) |
 | -ûrz  | EL < TK "Lugbûrz" (Dark Tower);\\ obviously Elerrina's extrapolation is wrong, as //ûrz// is part of the stem "bûrz", but it became common for all Neo-Black Speech dialects | general suffix of forming adjectives from other parts of speech, usually from nouns (verbal adjectives should be replaced with [[grammar_participle|participles]] and [[grammar_gerundive|gerundives]]) | slig**ûrz** (free) < slig- (to free) |
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 ^ Suffix ^  Root  ^^^
-^ :::    ^  hon-\\ (to look at, see, watch)  ^  kin-\\ (to behold, see)  ^  thak-\\ (to look like, appear, seem)  ^
+^ :::    ^  hon-\\ (to look at, see, watch)         ^  kin-\\ (to behold, see)  ^  thak-\\ (to look like, appear, seem)  ^
-^ -∅     |  hon\\ (a look, gaze, glance)  |  kin\\ (a view, sight)  |  thak\\ (a look, appearance)  |
+^ -∅     |  hon\\ (a look, gaze, glance)            |  kin\\ (a view, sight)    |  thak\\ (a look, appearance)  |
-^ -al    |  honal\\ (watcher, observer, spectator)  |  kinal\\ (seer)  |    |
+^ -al    |  honal\\ (watcher, observer, spectator)  |  kinal\\ (seer)           |    |
-^ -auk   |  honauk\\ (gazer, lookout, voyeur)  |  kinauk\\ (beholder, spectator, witness)  |  thakauk\\ (illusion, phantom, vision, apparition)  |
+^ -auk   |  honauk\\ (gazer, lookout, voyeur)       |  kinauk\\ (beholder, spectator, witness)  |  thakauk\\ (illusion, phantom, vision, apparition)  |
-^ -aut   |  honaut\\ (observation)  |   |  thakaut\\ (manifestation, appearance)  |
+^ -aut   |  honaut\\ (observation)                  |   |  thakaut\\ (manifestation, appearance)  |
-^ -urm   |  honurm\\ (scope, outlook)  |  kinurm\\ (vision, eyesight, sense of sight)  |  thakurm\\ (visibility)  |
+^ -urm   |  honurm\\ (scope, outlook)               |  kinurm\\ (vision, eyesight, sense of sight)  |  thakurm\\ (visibility)  |
-^ -ûrz   |  honûrz\\ (looking)  | |  thakûrz\\ (visible)  |
+^ -ûrz   |  honûrz\\ (looking)                      | |  thakûrz\\ (visible)  |

Nûrlâm –Black Speech dialect wiki

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Nûrlâm –
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