Nûrlâm –
Black Speech
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prefixes [2021/06/27 00:45] – morgothprefixes [2023/01/18 20:11] (current) – changed example for "mar-" morgoth
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 ====== Prefixes ====== ====== Prefixes ======
-**//Prefixes//** in [[Nûrlâm]] may serve both as derivational and inflectional morphemes. But because they are rare they are all listed at this one page. Personal enclitic [[pronouns#personal_pronouns|personal pronouns]] which are also similar to prefixes are not listed here. However some other enclitic particles are counted as prefixes.+**//Prefixes//** are the affixes placed before the word's stem. Early researchers thought that prefixes were extremely rare or totally absent in Black Speech, like in other well-known agglutinative languages (e.g. Finnish and Turkish), but "Parma Eldalamberon" journal's issue #17 proved them wrong. There was stated that subject pronouns were prefixed to the verbs, so we can expect that there were some other prefixes too. 
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 +Prefixes in [[Nûrlâm]] may serve both as derivational and inflectional morphemes. Subjective enclitic [[pronouns#personal_pronouns|personal pronouns]] which are also similar to prefixes are not listed here. However some other enclitic particles are counted as prefixes.
  
 ^ Prefix ^ Etymology ^ Meaning ^ Example ^ ^ Prefix ^ Etymology ^ Meaning ^ Example ^
-| am-  | EL | makes relative pro-forms  | | +| am-  | EL | makes relative pro-forms  | il (time) => **am**il (when) | 
-| îm-  | NL < Quenya "immo" | self-((only with nouns)) | | +| bhû- | HG | pre-; prepared action | gashn- (to tell) => **bhû**gashn- (to foretell, predict) | 
-| kru- | NL < LOS "krul" ("two"), "krut" ("back", adv) | re-; repeating action or fallback to previous state | +| dro- | HG | pro-; motion forward, continuation | hon- (to look) => **dro**hon- (prospect, explore, recon)((but not "look forward"!!!)) | 
-| m(a)-   | EL from many Quenya question words starting with "ma" | makes interrogative and dubitative pro-forms; sometimes before consonants //ma-// used instead | | +| îm-((used also as suffix with verbs))  | NL < Quenya "immo" | self-((only with nouns)) | shad- (to destroy) => shadurm (destruction) => **îm**shadurm (self-destruction) | 
-| mar- | LOS (LUG) | question particle, forms interrogative mood | | +| kau- | HG | anti-, counter-; opposition, contrast, strong negation | mauhûrz (military) => **kau**mauhûrz (anti-war) | 
-| nar- | AN < TK ((LOTR, TT, Book Four, Chapter X "The Choices of Master Samwise")) | negative particle for all word classes | | +| kru- | NL < LOS "krul" ("two"), "krut" ("back", adv) | re-; repeating action or fallback to previous state | skât- (to come) => **kru**skât- (to return) | 
-| ri-  | LOS (prep. "between") | inter-; interrupting, preventing of action | | +| m(a)-   | EL from many Quenya question words starting with "ma" | makes interrogative and dubitative pro-forms; sometimes before consonants //ma-// used instead | in (place) => **m**in (where?) | 
-| ti-  | HG < ON | over-; enforcing particle | |+| mar- | LOS (LUG) | question particle, forms interrogative mood | Fi**mar**krampuzan? (Did you do it?) | 
 +| nan- | NL < Quenya "nan-" (back) as in "nancar" (to undo) | dis-, un-; cancelling the action | kramp- (to do) => **nan**kramp- (to undo, cancel) | 
 +| nar- | AN < TK ((LOTR, TT, Book Four, Chapter X "The Choices of Master Samwise")) | negative particle for all word classes | nîr (nice) => **nar**nîr (not nice) | 
 +| ri-((also suffix of Intrative case))  | LOS (prep. "between") | inter-; interrupting, preventing of action | gashn- (to tell) => **ri**gashn- (to interrupt) | 
 +| thu-  | LOS (prep. "beyond") | over-; enforcing particle | "thrâh-" (to advice) => "**thu**thrâh-" (to insist) |
  
 Prefixes like //kru-// or //ri-// have functions similar to [[grammar_aspect|aspect]] of verb, but may be applied to other lexical categories, such as nouns. Prefixes like //kru-// or //ri-// have functions similar to [[grammar_aspect|aspect]] of verb, but may be applied to other lexical categories, such as nouns.
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-<WRAP center round todo 60%> 
-<todo>add more verbal derivational prefixes (or mention adpositions)</todo> 
-<todo !!>add examples</todo> 
-</WRAP> 
  
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