Differences
This shows you the differences between two versions of the page.
| Both sides previous revisionPrevious revisionNext revision | Previous revision | ||
| phonology [2024/09/06 09:53] – note about glottal stop morgoth | phonology [2026/07/01 06:50] (current) – [Vowels] morgoth | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Line 17: | Line 17: | ||
| Some people assume that letter //û// indicates rounded close front sound //[y]// (because of transformation Saruman' | Some people assume that letter //û// indicates rounded close front sound //[y]// (because of transformation Saruman' | ||
| But such proposition is doubtful as circumflex indicates just the length of vowels in other Tolkien' | But such proposition is doubtful as circumflex indicates just the length of vowels in other Tolkien' | ||
| - | However if you want to create a subdialect of Nûrlâm with such feature, other long vowels should be transformed too, e.g. //î// often used to substitute //e// into //[ə]// or //[ɜː]//, //â// into //[æ]//, //ô// into //[øː]//. Subdialect may even include pair //e// (//[ə]//) and //ê// (// | + | However if you want to create a subdialect of Nûrlâm with such feature, other long vowels should be transformed too, e.g. //î// often used to substitute //e// into //[ə]// or //[ɜ]//, //â// into //[æ]//, //ô// into //[øː]//. Subdialect may even include pair //e// (//[ə]//) and //ê// (// |
| Some sub-dialects may differentiate between vowels with acute and circumflex according to Sindarin or their own rules (as in [[MERP]]), but Nûrlâm' | Some sub-dialects may differentiate between vowels with acute and circumflex according to Sindarin or their own rules (as in [[MERP]]), but Nûrlâm' | ||
| The vowel //i// may be realized as near-close [ɪ] or even as close central [ɨ] in some circumstances to avoid palatalization. | The vowel //i// may be realized as near-close [ɪ] or even as close central [ɨ] in some circumstances to avoid palatalization. | ||
| Line 40: | Line 40: | ||
| * //ng// is pronounced as two separate sounds (as they usually belong to different syllables, or //g// is followed by //h// which produces different sound) except at the end of word's root (i.e. " | * //ng// is pronounced as two separate sounds (as they usually belong to different syllables, or //g// is followed by //h// which produces different sound) except at the end of word's root (i.e. " | ||
| * //bh// can be pronounced as aspirated or " | * //bh// can be pronounced as aspirated or " | ||
| - | * glottal stop [ʔ] appears in some dialects of colloquial speech separating affixes and some compound words (e.g. /bur.zumʔ.'i.shi/ instead of /bur.zu.'mi.shi/). It can also be produced by //h// after //b// (see comment above); | + | * glottal stop [ʔ] appears in some dialects of colloquial speech separating affixes and some compound words (e.g. /'bur.zumʔ.ˌi.shi/ instead of /'bur.zu.ˌmi.shi/). It can also be produced by //h// after //b// (see comment above); |
| * voiced labial fricative //v// is absent in [[Nûrlam]], | * voiced labial fricative //v// is absent in [[Nûrlam]], | ||
| * [j] appears only in diphthongs //ai// and //oi// and few Quenya-borrowed words starting with // | * [j] appears only in diphthongs //ai// and //oi// and few Quenya-borrowed words starting with // | ||
| Line 56: | Line 56: | ||
| **// | **// | ||
| - | Verb stems are allowed to end with consonant only. Other parts of speech may end also with vowels or diphtongs. | + | Verb stems are allowed to end with consonant only. Other parts of speech may also end with vowels or diphthongs. |
| The following consonant clusters are allowed at the start of the stem: | The following consonant clusters are allowed at the start of the stem: | ||
| * Tolkien sources: gl-, gr-, kr-, sk-, sn-, thr-; | * Tolkien sources: gl-, gr-, kr-, sk-, sn-, thr-; | ||
| - | * Fan additions((striked out entries are present in other dialects, but deprecated in Nûrlâm)): bhr-, bl-, br-, < | + | * Fan additions((striked out entries are present in other dialects, but deprecated in Nûrlâm)): bhr-, bl-, br-, < |
| * Nûrlâm additions: mr-, shk-, shl-; | * Nûrlâm additions: mr-, shk-, shl-; | ||
| * Theoretically possible, but not attested: gm-, hm-, hp-, shp-, sht-, tl-, zb-, zd-, zhd-, zhl-, zhm-, zhr-, zl-, zm-; | * Theoretically possible, but not attested: gm-, hm-, hp-, shp-, sht-, tl-, zb-, zd-, zhd-, zhl-, zhm-, zhr-, zl-, zm-; | ||
| Line 68: | Line 68: | ||
| * Tolkien sources: -lg, -mb, -mp, -nk, -rb, -rk, -rn, -rz, -zg; | * Tolkien sources: -lg, -mb, -mp, -nk, -rb, -rk, -rn, -rz, -zg; | ||
| * Tolkien sources (unsure)((depends on the way of splitting poly-syllable words without clear etymology)): | * Tolkien sources (unsure)((depends on the way of splitting poly-syllable words without clear etymology)): | ||
| - | * Fan additions: < | + | * Fan additions: < |
| * Nûrlâm additions: -kt, -lkh, -md, -mk, -msh, -mz, -nb, -nf, -rzh, -tr, -zhk; | * Nûrlâm additions: -kt, -lkh, -md, -mk, -msh, -mz, -nb, -nf, -rzh, -tr, -zhk; | ||
| - | * Theoretically possible, but not attested: -bg, -bzh, -dl, -dn, -gzh, -fm, -fn, -fp, -fk, -fs, -fsh, -fl, -kf, -khr, -kn, -kp, -ksh, -lf, -lsh, -mf, -mt, -np, -ns, -nzh, -pk, -pr, -pt, -sf, -shl, -shm, -shp, -shr, -zhg, -zhm, -zhn, -zhr, -zm, -zr; | + | * Theoretically possible, but not attested: -bg, -bzh, -dl, -dn, -gzh, -fk, -fl, -fm, -fn, -fp, -kf, -khr, -kn, -kp, -ksh, -lf, -lsh, -mf, -mt, -np, -ns, -nzh, -pk, -pr, -pt, -shl, -shm, -shp, -shr, -tk, -zhg, -zhm, -zhn, -zhr, -zm, -zr; |
| Some consonants in final clusters probably were intended as derivational suffixes of unknown meaning like //-b// in //durb-//. | Some consonants in final clusters probably were intended as derivational suffixes of unknown meaning like //-b// in //durb-//. | ||
| Nûrlâm suggests that consonants in cluster should be either voiced or unvoiced (nasals and glides may join any), so clusters like " | Nûrlâm suggests that consonants in cluster should be either voiced or unvoiced (nasals and glides may join any), so clusters like " | ||
| + | |||
| + | As a general rule, two or more consonants of the same category (nasal, stop, fricative, glide, rhotic) can't form a cluster. Exceptions are some combinations of stops: -db, -dg, -gb, -gd, -kt. | ||
| + | |||
| + | In some hard to pronounce consonant clusters the last consonant may become syllabic/ | ||
| <WRAP center round tip 60%> | <WRAP center round tip 60%> | ||
| Line 96: | Line 100: | ||
| ==== Stress ==== | ==== Stress ==== | ||
| - | Most words consist of just one syllable. Otherwise the stress is always placed on the first syllable of the root in Black Speech. This rule also affects compound words (// | + | Most words consist of just one syllable. Otherwise the stress is always placed on the first syllable of the root in Black Speech. This rule also affects compound words (// |
| ==== Intonation ==== | ==== Intonation ==== | ||
| - | Basing on citation from Appendix F to LOTR about language of orcs " | + | Basing on citation from Appendix F to LOTR about language of orcs being " |
| ----------------------- | ----------------------- | ||
| Line 120: | Line 124: | ||
| * [[wp> | * [[wp> | ||
| * [[wp> | * [[wp> | ||
| - | * [[http://at.mansbjorkman.net/ | + | * [[https://at.boktypografen.se/ |
| * [[https:// | * [[https:// | ||
phonology.1725605620.txt.gz · Last modified: by morgoth
Except where otherwise noted, content on this wiki is licensed under the following license: CC Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 4.0 International
