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mood_indicative [2021/06/07 19:26] – [Other realis moods] morgothmood_indicative [2023/08/05 18:54] (current) – [Usage for irrealis moods] khul => khûl morgoth
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 ====== Indicative mood ====== ====== Indicative mood ======
-<WRAP center round todo 60%> 
-<todo !!>many examples needed</todo> 
-</WRAP> 
- 
 **//Indicative mood//** or **//Realis//** ([[abbreviations|abbreviated]] as REAL or IND) is the [[grammar_mood|grammatical mood]] that is used to indicate facts. Most articles about grammar touch only this mood. It is formed without special markers of mood. But all other possible suffixes, prefixes and clitics may be added to indicate other grammatical forms. **//Indicative mood//** or **//Realis//** ([[abbreviations|abbreviated]] as REAL or IND) is the [[grammar_mood|grammatical mood]] that is used to indicate facts. Most articles about grammar touch only this mood. It is formed without special markers of mood. But all other possible suffixes, prefixes and clitics may be added to indicate other grammatical forms.
  
-Strictly speaking the term "Indicative mood" may be applied only to events or states of being which speaker have witnessed (Past tense): +Strictly speaking the term "Indicative mood" may be applied only to: 
-\\ <todo !>example needed</todo> +  * Objects, events or states of being which speaker have witnessed (Past tense): "I saw a giant!" => "Dakinuz ash nûrs!" 
-\\ or is being observing (or feeling through other senses) right now (Present tense): +  * objects being observed (or feeling through other senses) right now (Present tense): "I'm watching you" => "Dahonam" 
-\\ <todo !>example needed</todo> +  * or for general truths: "Sun rises in the East" => "Ûzh tulgâ ghânshor"
-\\ or for general truths: +
-\\ <todo !>example needed</todo>+
      
 and future tense cannot be Realis (even sentences like "Sun will rise tomorrow in the East"). Usage of [[modal verbs]] also indicate some //Irrealis// mood, even when they have default form of present tense. Anyway in many languages including [[Nûrlâm]], the grammatical form of indicative mood is often used to express other moods. and future tense cannot be Realis (even sentences like "Sun will rise tomorrow in the East"). Usage of [[modal verbs]] also indicate some //Irrealis// mood, even when they have default form of present tense. Anyway in many languages including [[Nûrlâm]], the grammatical form of indicative mood is often used to express other moods.
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 ===== Other realis moods ===== ===== Other realis moods =====
 The following moods are considered Realis, but not Indicative.  The following moods are considered Realis, but not Indicative. 
-  * Future tense applied to general truths ("Sun will rise tomorrow in the East") +  * Future tense applied to general truths: "Sun will rise tomorrow in the East" => "Ûzh tulgubâ ârshab ghânshor" 
-  * Future tense applied to repeatable/habitual actions ("He will go to work next morning") +  * Future tense applied to repeatable/habitual actions: "He will go to work next morning" => "Ta ukhub bulumu shi ânshab" 
-  * //Mirative mood//, when action is real, but speaker was surprised ("Wow, it speaks!", "It's alive!", "It works!"). May carry tone of irony.+  * //Mirative mood//, when action is real, but speaker was surprised ("Wow, it speaks!" => "Za gashn", "It's alive!" => "Za kîb", "It worked!" => "Za buluz"). May carry tone of irony.
   * //Oblique// or //Inferential// mood:   * //Oblique// or //Inferential// mood:
-    * when speaker is absolutely sure in what he says, but event cannot be confirmed (any tense); expressions like ("I'm sure", "certainly") may be added; +    * when speaker is absolutely sure in what he says, but event cannot be confirmed (any tense); expressions like ("I'm sure", "certainly") may be added: "I'm sure, he already reached Mordor" => "Dakul rûz, tabarluz Uzgbûrz dok" 
-    * when event is real, but speaker didn't witnessed it personally (e.g only through news or other's speech), includes //indirect speech//;+    * when event is real, but speaker didn't witnessed it personally (e.g only through news or other's speech), includes //indirect speech//: "I was told that he reached Mordor" => "Gashnuzû dazûr zamash tabarluz Uzgbûrz";
  
 ===== Usage for irrealis moods ===== ===== Usage for irrealis moods =====
 The following moods are //Irrealis//, but the grammatical form of Indicative mood is used to express them: The following moods are //Irrealis//, but the grammatical form of Indicative mood is used to express them:
-  * //Dynamic// modality, expressed by future tense ("I will sing") or modal verb "can" in any tense ("I could sing (in the past)") +  * //Dynamic// modality, expressed by future tense ("I will sing" => "Dalashub") or modal verb "can" in any tense ("I could sing (in the past)" => "Dapâshuz lashut") 
-  * //Comissive mood//, used for promises, vows and threats; +  * //Comissive mood//, used for promises, vows and threats: "I will find the ring" => "Dagimbub nazgum"; 
-  * Some cases of //Jussive// and //Necessitative// moods may be expressed by [[grammar_gerundive|Gerundives]]. +  * Some cases of //Jussive// and //Necessitative// moods may be expressed by [[grammar_gerundive|Gerundives]]: "The Great Eye demands you to bring the ring" => "Bhahontum khûlâ fizûr thrakat nazgum". 
-  * //Desiderative mood// sometimes may be expressed by verbs (hope), (fear), (dream) + clause in future tense. +  * //Desiderative mood// sometimes may be expressed by verbs (hope = khard), (fear = furg), (dream = taur), usually with main verb in future tense, but may be in any: "I fear they have lost the way" => "Dafurg takbûfuz mongum". 
-  * //Potential mood// uses any tense of Indicative, but adds some words expressing doubt (probably, possible). +  * //Potential mood// uses any tense of Indicative, but adds some words expressing doubt (probably, possible): "Probably, the hobbit will find the way to the Lonely Mountain" => "Falgarz, za piraga gimbubâ mongum Ashûk Urunu". 
-  * //[[mood_subjunctive|Subjunctive mood]]// may be replaced with Gerundive after some impersonal expressions+  * //[[mood_subjunctive|Subjunctive mood]]// may be replaced with Gerundive after some impersonal expressions: "It's possible that ring could be lost again" => "Falgarz, nazgum kulâ bûfat nokhar" = lit. "Possibly, the ring is (going) to be lost again"
   * In various conditional complex sentences:   * In various conditional complex sentences:
-    * factual/habitual - present tense for both condition and main part  +    * factual/habitual -- present tense for both condition and main part: "He __is__ angry when he __is__ drunk" => "Ta__kul__ nûrz amil ta__kul__ akrag" 
-    * predictive - future tense for both parts of sentence +    * predictive -- future tense for both parts of sentence: "They will die if (they) (will) meet the Balrog" => "Takmat__ub__ ghung taktad__ub__ Balrogum" 
-    * suppositional - when speaker is sure about consequences, then main part is in future tense, but the condition is in Subjunctive +    * suppositional -- when speaker is sure about consequences, then main part is in future tense, but the condition is in Subjunctive: "Could they come, I shall make a feast!" => "(Ghung) takpâsh__ulg__ skâtut, dakramp__ub__ ash birt" 
-    * eventive - when speaker is sure that condition may happen, but unsure about consequences, then condition is in future tense, but main part is in Subjunctive+    * eventive -- when speaker is sure that condition may happen, but unsure about consequences, then condition is in future tense, but main part is in Subjunctive: "I would dance, if you will buy me one more drink" => "Dalîd__ulg__ ghung fitûz__ub__iz ash shog nokhar"
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