lessons:verbs_2
Differences
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| lessons:verbs_2 [2023/12/19 18:37] – created morgoth | lessons:verbs_2 [2024/12/10 21:33] (current) – morgoth | ||
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| - | ====== Verbs: past tense. More adverbs ====== | + | ====== |
| It's hard to express thoughts using only [[lessons: | It's hard to express thoughts using only [[lessons: | ||
| - | ^ Tense ^ English ^ Nûrlâm ^ | + | ^ Verb form ^ English ^ Nûrlâm ^ |
| - | ^ Present | An orc is coming | Ash uruk skat//â// | | + | ^ Imperative | Come! | Skât! | |
| - | ^ Past | An orc came | Ash uruk skat**__uz__**// | + | ^ Present |
| + | ^ Past | ||
| + | --------------------- | ||
| ===== New words ===== | ===== New words ===== | ||
| - | * af (to throw) | ||
| * ak (to stab) | * ak (to stab) | ||
| * farb (to chase, hunt) | * farb (to chase, hunt) | ||
| - | * fîth (to hold, keep) | ||
| * ghur (to die) | * ghur (to die) | ||
| * grush (to hit, strike, punch) | * grush (to hit, strike, punch) | ||
| - | * hât (to push, poke, thrust) | + | * kramp (to do, make) |
| - | * îst (to know) | + | |
| - | * kurg (to turn) | + | |
| * lal (to laugh) | * lal (to laugh) | ||
| - | * ont (to count [numbers]) | + | * lûmp (to fall) |
| + | * rong (to dig) | ||
| + | * ronk (pit, pool) | ||
| - | Past tense in Nûrlâm also substitutes English Present Perfect tense (actions that already happened but in the still lasting time interval). Example: "The dwarf has just fallen" | ||
| - | |||
| - | ===== New words ===== | ||
| Some adverbs may be helpful in describing the past: | Some adverbs may be helpful in describing the past: | ||
| * dok (already, before, previously) | * dok (already, before, previously) | ||
| Line 27: | Line 24: | ||
| * ûn (new) => ûnarz (just, recently) | * ûn (new) => ûnarz (just, recently) | ||
| + | Past tense in Nûrlâm also substitutes English Present Perfect tense (actions that already happened but in the still lasting time interval). Example: "The dwarf has just fallen" | ||
| + | |||
| + | ---------------------- | ||
| + | ===== Exercise 1 ===== | ||
| + | Translate into Nûrlâm: | ||
| + | - demons made some sorcery again | ||
| + | - filthy dwarves heard this | ||
| + | - four dragons escaped | ||
| + | - orcs hunted the elves | ||
| + | - shit stank | ||
| + | - the bee made a new pile | ||
| + | - the pain stopped | ||
| + | - the slayer stabbed the slave | ||
| + | - the strong warrior stroke the fat troll | ||
| + | - this human already died | ||
| + | |||
| + | <hidden show answers> | ||
| + | - rog krampuzû mûd dush nokhar | ||
| + | - dug gazat khlâruzû za / gazat dug khlâruzû za | ||
| + | - hant lûg irzuzû | ||
| + | - uruk farbuzû za golug | ||
| + | - push pushduzâ | ||
| + | - noim krampuzâ ash ûn tub / noim krampuzâ ash tubûn | ||
| + | - hrizgum puzguzâ | ||
| + | - dogum akuzâ snagam | ||
| + | - bolg mauhum grushuzâ tûrz ologum / maubolgum grushuzâ ologtûrzum | ||
| + | - za tark ghuruzâ dok | ||
| + | </ | ||
| + | |||
| + | ---------------------- | ||
| + | ===== Exercise 2 ===== | ||
| + | Translate from Nûrlâm: | ||
| + | - agh burzum lûmpuzâ | ||
| + | - golug shoguzû saubumûk | ||
| + | - golugûrz mau skâtuzû lad | ||
| + | - graz nîn ugluzâ krig nazgûl | ||
| + | - lagum grishuzâ za hrau | ||
| + | - ologum laluzâ | ||
| + | - rogum ronguzâ ash ronk | ||
| + | - tug ghor thrakuzâ mik zrî | ||
| + | - uruk ghâshuzû nîr goim | ||
| + | - ûzûl uruk throkhuzâ karn âps ûnarz | ||
| + | |||
| + | <hidden show answers> | ||
| + | - and the darkness fell | ||
| + | - elves drank all the juice | ||
| + | - elvish warriors came late | ||
| + | - cold water frightened three Nazgûl | ||
| + | - the sword cut the flesh | ||
| + | - the troll laughed | ||
| + | - the demon dug a pit | ||
| + | - only blood brought a little joy | ||
| + | - orcs burned the beautiful city | ||
| + | - green orc has just eaten red meat / green orc was eating red meat recently | ||
| + | </ | ||
| + | |||
| + | -------------------- | ||
| + | ===== See also ===== | ||
| + | * [[: | ||
| + | * [[lessons: | ||
| + | * [[lessons: | ||
| + | * [[lessons: | ||
| + | * [[[[: | ||
lessons/verbs_2.1703000252.txt.gz · Last modified: by morgoth
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