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lessons:nouns [2023/02/11 09:33] – [Nouns and Articles] morgothlessons:nouns [2024/12/10 21:26] (current) – morgoth
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-====== Nouns and Articles ======+====== Lessons — Nouns and Articles ======
 The grammar of nouns in [[:Nûrlâm]] may be quite difficult, but we'll start from easy parts of it. Nouns in Nûrlâm do not have distinction in animacy, gender((kinda, you can specify biological gender of living creatures with //feminitive// suffix, but we'll discuss it in later lessons)) and even number! Yes, Nûrlâm do not have plural suffixes for nouns, moreover nouns are plural by default! For example "golug" may refer to one elf or many elves, but probably more than one. But how to specify that we are speaking about one person or object? Articles come to help! The grammar of nouns in [[:Nûrlâm]] may be quite difficult, but we'll start from easy parts of it. Nouns in Nûrlâm do not have distinction in animacy, gender((kinda, you can specify biological gender of living creatures with //feminitive// suffix, but we'll discuss it in later lessons)) and even number! Yes, Nûrlâm do not have plural suffixes for nouns, moreover nouns are plural by default! For example "golug" may refer to one elf or many elves, but probably more than one. But how to specify that we are speaking about one person or object? Articles come to help!
  
 ===== Articles ===== ===== Articles =====
-Nûrlâm has words analogous to English articles.+Nûrlâm has words analogous to English articles. But to be precise, it has only one proper article -- suffix "//-um//" (definite article).
  
 ==== Indefinite article ==== ==== Indefinite article ====
-"**//ash//**" (literally means "one") is the equivalent of indefinite article "a"/"an". The article "ash" clarifies that noun is singular. It introduces nouns that are referenced for the first time in the conversation or text, or nouns which identity, properties are unknown or not important. Example: "ash golug" = "an elf", "one elf".+"**//ash//**" (literally means "one") is the equivalent of indefinite article "a"/"an". The article "ash" clarifies that noun is singular, so it is used probably more often than English indefinite article. It introduces nouns that are referenced for the first time in the conversation or text, or nouns which identity, properties are unknown or not important. Example: "ash golug" = "an elf", "one elf". Indefinite article in Germanic and Romance languages actually also came from word "one", but in Nûrlâm it haven't changed yet.
  
 ==== Definite article, singular ==== ==== Definite article, singular ====
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 ==== Definite article, any number ==== ==== Definite article, any number ====
-The word "**//za//**", which literally means "this" or "these" may be used for translation of English article "the" with plural nouns. For example, Englis "the elves" should be translated into Nûrlâm as "za golug", but it also may mean "this elf".+The word "**//za//**", which literally means "this" or "these", may be used for translation of English article "the" with plural nouns. For example, Englis "the elves" should be translated into Nûrlâm as "za golug", but it also may mean "this elf". 
  
 --------------------- ---------------------
 ===== New words ===== ===== New words =====
 Memorize the following words: Memorize the following words:
-  * burz (darkness)+  * ash (one, a, an)
   * dog (slayer)   * dog (slayer)
-  * dug (filth) 
-  * dush (sorcery, witchcraft) 
-  * ghâsh (fire) 
   * golug (elf, elves)   * golug (elf, elves)
   * gûl (phantom, wraith)   * gûl (phantom, wraith)
 +  * hont (eye)
   * lag (sword)   * lag (sword)
   * lug (tower, fortress)   * lug (tower, fortress)
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   * nazg (ring)   * nazg (ring)
   * olog (troll)   * olog (troll)
-  * push (shit, dung, excrements) 
   * rod (mountain)   * rod (mountain)
   * tark (man, men, human)   * tark (man, men, human)
   * uruk (orc, goblin)   * uruk (orc, goblin)
 +  * za (the, this, these)
 +
 +-------------------------------------------
 +===== Countable and uncountable nouns =====
 +Some nouns are uncountable, they are usually marked in the dictionary of Nûrlâm. You can't use indefinite article "ash" with uncountable nouns. However definite articles may be used with them. Don't worry much about memorizing the distinction between countable and uncountable nouns. If you can add a number before noun in English, than the noun in countable, if the result makes not much sense in English (e.g. "five waters"), than the noun is uncountable.
 +
 +==== New words ====
 +The following words are uncountable:
 +  * burz (darkness) 
 +  * dug (filth, dirt)
 +  * dush (sorcery, witchcraft)
 +  * ghâsh (fire)
 +  * ghor (blood)
 +  * nîn (water) 
 +  * push (shit, dung, excrements)
  
 +----------------------
 +===== Exercise 1 =====
 +Translate from English into Nûrlâm:
 +  - the dragon
 +  - an elf
 +  - the eyes
 +  - the filth
 +  - the mountain
 +  - the orcs
 +  - a sword
 +  - a troll
 +  - the waters
 +  - the wraith
 +<hidden show answers>
 +  - lûgum / za lûg
 +  - ash golug
 +  - za hont
 +  - dugum / za dug
 +  - rodum / za rod
 +  - za uruk
 +  - ash lag
 +  - ash olog
 +  - za nîn
 +  - gûlum / za gûl
 +</hidden>
 +----------------------
 +===== Exercise 2 =====
 +Translate from Nûrlâm into English
 +  - burzum
 +  - ash dog
 +  - dushum
 +  - za ghâsh
 +  - ghorum
 +  - za lug
 +  - ash mauh
 +  - ash nazg
 +  - pushum
 +  - za uruk
 +<hidden show answers>
 +  - the darkness / the dark
 +  - a slayer / one slayer
 +  - the sorcery
 +  - the fires / the fire / these fires / this fire
 +  - the blood
 +  - the towers / the tower / these towers / this tower
 +  - a warrior / one warrior
 +  - a ring / one ring
 +  - the shit / the dung / the excrements
 +  - the orcs / the orc / these orcs / this orc
 +</hidden>
 -------------------- --------------------
 ===== See also ===== ===== See also =====
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