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--- lessons:declension_classes [2023/09/21 15:57] – answers corrected morgoth
+++ lessons:declension_classes [2025/03/21 10:51] (current) – [Declension classes in longer chains] morgoth
@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-====== Declension classes ======
+====== Lessons — Declension classes ======
-All nouns we learnt in one of the previous lessons were ending with consonant, so adding definite article "-um" wasn't a problem. But what if there were some words ending with a vowel? Then, definite article is changed to just "-m", e.g. "slave" is "snaga", and "the slave" is "snaga__m__". Groups of words that are changed similarly during inflection are called "declension classes". Nûrlâm has only two: words ending with consonants (declension class I) and words ending with vowels (declension class II). Declension class is very important, as not only the articles, but some other grammatical suffixes differ depending on declension class too.
+All nouns we learnt in one of the previous lessons were ending with consonant, so adding definite article "//-um//" wasn't a problem. But what if there were some words ending with a vowel? Then, definite article is changed to just "**//-m//**", e.g. "slave" is "snaga", and "the slave" is "snaga__m__". Groups of words that are changed similarly during inflection are called "**//declension classes//**".
+Nûrlâm has two declension classes:
+  - words ending with consonants (declension class I, majority of nouns belong to it)
+  - words ending with vowels (declension class II).
+Declension class is very important, as not only the articles, but some other grammatical suffixes differ depending on declension class too.
 ===== New words =====
-There are very few words ending with vowel to learn (probably more than half of them are listed here):
+There are very few words ending with a vowel (declension class II) to learn. Probably more than half of them are listed here:
   * fau (snow)((uncountable))
   * gai (chain)
@@ Line 24: / Line 29: @@
   * tau (forest)
   * zrî (joy, fun)((uncountable))
+<WRAP center round info 60%>
+**Congratulations! Now you've learned more than 100 words!**
+</WRAP>
 You may notice, that most of them actually end with a diphthong, so technically a semi-vowel, but nonetheless they all belong to declension class II.
-All adjectives also have two declension classes depending on if the word ends with a consonant or vowel.
+All adjectives also have two declension classes depending on whether the word ends with a consonant or a vowel.
 ===== Declension classes in longer chains =====
-Every addition of suffix or clitic should be done according to declension class of the previous part. For example the word "slave" (=> "snaga") belongs to declension class II, adding adjective "dirty" ("dug") to say "filthy snaga" changes the resulting word "snagadug" to class I. Thus "the slave" becomes "snaga__m__", but "the filthy slave" becomes "snagadug__um__". On the contrary, "orc" (= "uruk", declension class I) becomes "uruk__um__" with article "the", but adding adjective ending with vowel like "sta" (= "short") converts it to declension class II: "uruksta__m__". Some suffixes are the same for both declension classes, like word "za" (this): "this slave" = "snaga__za__", "this orc" = "uruk__za__".
+Every addition of suffix or clitic should be done according to declension class of the previous part. For example the word "slave" (=> "snaga") belongs to declension class II, adding adjective "dirty" ("dug") to say "filthy snaga" changes the resulting word "snagadug" to class I. Thus "the slave" becomes "snaga__m__", but "the filthy slave" becomes "snagadug__um__". On the contrary, "orc" (= "uruk", declension class I) becomes "uruk__um__" with article "the", but adding adjective ending with vowel like "sta" (= "short") converts it to declension class II: "uruksta__m__". Some suffixes are the same for both declension classes, like word "za" (this): "this slave" = "snaga__za__", "this orc" = "uruk__za__". This behavior is similar to choosing "a" or "an" article in English, when inserting an adjective before a noun may change the used article ("a story" vs. "an interesting story").
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Nûrlâm –Black Speech dialect wiki

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