lessons:declension_classes
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| lessons:declension_classes [2023/07/25 10:15] – lesson split in two morgoth | lessons:declension_classes [2025/03/21 10:51] (current) – [Declension classes in longer chains] morgoth | ||
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| - | ====== Declension classes ====== | + | ====== |
| - | All nouns we learnt in one of the previous lessons were ending with consonant, so adding definite article " | + | All nouns we learnt in one of the previous lessons were ending with consonant, so adding definite article "//-um//" wasn't a problem. But what if there were some words ending with a vowel? Then, definite article is changed to just "**//-m//**", e.g. " |
| + | |||
| + | Nûrlâm has two declension classes: | ||
| + | - words ending with consonants (declension class I, majority of nouns belong to it) | ||
| + | - words ending with vowels (declension class II). | ||
| + | Declension class is very important, as not only the articles, but some other grammatical suffixes differ depending on declension class too. | ||
| ===== New words ===== | ===== New words ===== | ||
| - | There are very few words ending with vowel to learn (probably | + | There are very few words ending with a vowel (declension class II) to learn. Probably |
| - | * fau (snow) | + | * fau (snow)((uncountable)) |
| * gai (chain) | * gai (chain) | ||
| * gau (fruit) | * gau (fruit) | ||
| * ghru (stick) | * ghru (stick) | ||
| - | * glu (piss) | + | * glu (piss)((uncountable)) |
| * goi (city) | * goi (city) | ||
| - | * hlu (clothes) | + | * hlu (clothes)((uncountable)) |
| - | * hrau (flesh, meat) | + | * hrau (flesh, meat)((uncountable)) |
| * khlau (ear) | * khlau (ear) | ||
| * lau (year) | * lau (year) | ||
| Line 23: | Line 28: | ||
| * sru (seed, grain) | * sru (seed, grain) | ||
| * tau (forest) | * tau (forest) | ||
| - | * zrî (joy, fun) | + | * zrî (joy, fun)((uncountable)) |
| + | |||
| + | <WRAP center round info 60%> | ||
| + | **Congratulations! Now you've learned more than 100 words!** | ||
| + | </ | ||
| You may notice, that most of them actually end with a diphthong, so technically a semi-vowel, but nonetheless they all belong to declension class II. | You may notice, that most of them actually end with a diphthong, so technically a semi-vowel, but nonetheless they all belong to declension class II. | ||
| - | All adjectives also have two declension classes depending on if the word ends with a consonant or vowel. | + | All adjectives also have two declension classes depending on whether |
| ===== Declension classes in longer chains ===== | ===== Declension classes in longer chains ===== | ||
| - | Every addition of suffix or clitic should be done according to declension class of the previous part. For example the word " | + | Every addition of suffix or clitic should be done according to declension class of the previous part. For example the word " |
| + | |||
| + | ---------------------- | ||
| + | ===== Exercise 1 ===== | ||
| + | Translate into Nûrlâm. Join the words together whenever it's possible as in [[lessons: | ||
| + | - bring two strong slaves | ||
| + | - burn the city | ||
| + | - cut the long stick | ||
| + | - eat this fruit | ||
| + | - go and see some fun | ||
| + | - nice skills | ||
| + | - three redberries | ||
| + | - sleep all this year | ||
| + | - stop the large dragon | ||
| + | - the fat meat | ||
| + | <hidden show answers> | ||
| + | - thrak krul snagabolg / thrak krul bolg snaga | ||
| + | - ghâsh goim | ||
| + | - grish ghrurodhum / grish za ghrurodh / grish za rodh ghru / grish rodh ghrum | ||
| + | - throkh za gau / throkh gauza | ||
| + | - ukh agh kin mûd zrî | ||
| + | - saunîr / nîr sau | ||
| + | - krig poikarn | ||
| + | - lor ûk za lau | ||
| + | - puzg lûgdaum / puzg dau lûgum / puzg za lûgdau / puzg za dau lûg | ||
| + | - hrautûrzum / tûrz hraum / za hrautûrz / za tûrz hrau | ||
| + | </ | ||
| + | |||
| + | -------------------- | ||
| + | ==== Exercise 2 ==== | ||
| + | Translate these words from Nûrlâm into English: | ||
| + | - faudugum | ||
| + | - gaibûrdum | ||
| + | - glum | ||
| + | - hludugûk | ||
| + | - khlaurodh | ||
| + | - maugûrzum | ||
| + | - shranîrum | ||
| + | - slairodhum | ||
| + | - srubhog | ||
| + | - taustam | ||
| + | <hidden show answers> | ||
| + | - the dirty snow | ||
| + | - the heavy chain | ||
| + | - the piss | ||
| + | - all dirty clothes | ||
| + | - long ears | ||
| + | - the dead warrior | ||
| + | - the nice person / the beautiful person / the pretty person | ||
| + | - the long life | ||
| + | - nice seeds / good grain / nice grain / good seeds | ||
| + | - the short forest | ||
| + | </ | ||
| -------------------- | -------------------- | ||
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