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lessons:counting [2023/09/07 19:38] – external edit 127.0.0.1lessons:counting [2024/12/10 21:27] (current) – morgoth
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-====== Counting: numerals and quantifier words ======+====== Lessons — Counting: numerals and quantifier words ======
 In [[lessons:nouns|previous lesson]] about nouns we discussed that Nûrlâm does not differentiate between singular and plural nouns, and we learned how to clarify that noun is singular using the articles. But while nouns are plural by default, like "uruk" probably means more than one "orc", it's recommended to clarify that noun is plural anyway. We can specify the exact quantity using the //numerals// or use the words substituting exact numbers with words referring to uncertain quantity or amount (such words are called "quantifiers"). In [[lessons:nouns|previous lesson]] about nouns we discussed that Nûrlâm does not differentiate between singular and plural nouns, and we learned how to clarify that noun is singular using the articles. But while nouns are plural by default, like "uruk" probably means more than one "orc", it's recommended to clarify that noun is plural anyway. We can specify the exact quantity using the //numerals// or use the words substituting exact numbers with words referring to uncertain quantity or amount (such words are called "quantifiers").
  
-Please remember, that some nouns in Nûrlâm are //uncountable// (the dictionary usually marks them in the comments). You can't specify exact quantity with numbers for uncountable nouns, but you still can use quantifiers, and these words may be translated as plural (e.g. "ghâsh" may mean "fire" or "fires", but you can't say "krâk ghâsh" = "five fire(s)").+Please remember, that some nouns in Nûrlâm are //uncountable// (the dictionary usually marks them in the comments). You can't specify exact quantity with numbers (including indefinite artice "ash") for uncountable nouns, but you still can use quantifiers, and these words may be translated as plural (e.g. "ghâsh" may mean "fire" or "fires", but you can't say "krâk ghâsh" = "five fire(s)").
  
 ===== Numerals ===== ===== Numerals =====
 Simple numbers used to specify the exact quantity are called "//cardinal// numbers". Simple numbers used to specify the exact quantity are called "//cardinal// numbers".
 {{page>include:numbers}} {{page>include:numbers}}
-The word "nar" may be used for "zero", but it's not really a numeral, but rather a quantifier word (see below).+The word "nar" may be used for "zero", but it's not really a numeral, but rather a quantifier word (see below). It is not used in big numbers.
  
 Cardinal numbers are placed before the noun, and unlike languages like Finnish and Russian the noun doesn't change when quantity is specified. Cardinal numbers are placed before the noun, and unlike languages like Finnish and Russian the noun doesn't change when quantity is specified.
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 Numbers from 11 to 19 are formed by saying something like "ten" and digit right after that. Nûrlâm do not have special words for 11 and 12. But as the word for "ten" is "nuk" and many numbers start with "k-", the result uses only one "-k-", similarly like compound word "nazgûl" is made from "nazg" and "gûl". Numbers from 11 to 19 are formed by saying something like "ten" and digit right after that. Nûrlâm do not have special words for 11 and 12. But as the word for "ten" is "nuk" and many numbers start with "k-", the result uses only one "-k-", similarly like compound word "nazgûl" is made from "nazg" and "gûl".
  
-^ Number       | 11     | 12     | 13     | 14      | 15      | 16     | 17      | 18     | 19       | +^ Number | 11     | 12     | 13     | 14      | 15      | 16     | 17      | 18     | 19       | 
-^ Black Speech | nukash | nukrul | nukrig | nukhant | nukrâk  | nukink | nukudug | nuskri | nukrith  |+^ Nûrlâm | nukash | nukrul | nukrig | nukhant | nukrâk  | nukink | nukudug | nuskri | nukrith  |
  
 Multiples of ten (20 -- 90) are formed as <multiplier>//nuk//: Multiples of ten (20 -- 90) are formed as <multiplier>//nuk//:
-^ Number       | 20      | 30       | 40       | 50      | 60     | 70      | 80      | 90       | +^ Number | 20      | 30       | 40       | 50      | 60     | 70      | 80      | 90       | 
-^ Black Speech | krulnuk | krignuk  | hantnuk  | krâknuk | inknuk | udugnuk | skrinuk | krithnuk |+^ Nûrlâm | krulnuk | krignuk  | hantnuk  | krâknuk | inknuk | udugnuk | skrinuk | krithnuk |
  
-Hundreds are formed regularily as <multiplier>//tusk// (except 400 = "hantusk"). Similarly thousands are made as <multiplier>//mink//. Millions can be expressed as <multiplier>//minkmink// (lit. thousands of thousand).+Hundreds are formed regularily as <multiplier>//tusk// (except 400 = "hantusk"). Similarly thousands are made as <multiplier>//mink//. Millions can be expressed as <multiplier>//minkmink// (lit. thousands of thousand). The word "one" = "ash" is usually when saying "one hundred/thousand/million".
  
 The word "agh" (and) separates every exponent of ten except in numbers from 11 to 19. The word "agh" (and) separates every exponent of ten except in numbers from 11 to 19.
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 ===== Quantifiers ===== ===== Quantifiers =====
-Quantifier words are used to express uncertain amount or quantity. They are //usually//((but not always, we'll return to this in a few lessons)) placed before the noun, just like numbers. Common quantifier words include: "mak" (many, much), "mik" (little), "mûd" (some, few, several), "nar" (no, none), "ûk" (all). Nûrlâm uses the same quantifier words for countable and uncountable nouns. E.g. "mak uruk" = "many orcs", "mak push" = "a lot of shit", "mak hrizg" = "much pain". +Quantifier words are used to express uncertain amount or quantity. They are //usually//((but not always, we'll return to this in a few lessons)) placed before the noun, just like numbers. Common quantifier words include: "mak" (many, much), "mik" (little), "mûd" (some, few, several), "nar" (no, none), "ûk" (all). Nûrlâm uses the same quantifier words for countable and uncountable nouns. E.g. "mak uruk" = "many orcs", "mak push" = "a lot of shit", "mak hrizg" = "much pain".  Please note that quantifiers shall not be used with definite article suffix "-um", for example "all the pain" should be translated just as "all pain" ("ûk hrizg") or using word "za" ("ûk za hrizg").
  
 --------------------- ---------------------
 ===== New words ===== ===== New words =====
-  * ash (one, a, an)+  * agh (and)
   * hrizg (pain)   * hrizg (pain)
   * hant (four)   * hant (four)
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   - one ring   - one ring
   - some sorcery   - some sorcery
-  - thousand warriors+  - one thousand warriors
   - two towers   - two towers
 <hidden show answers> <hidden show answers>
   - mak ghâsh   - mak ghâsh
-  - ûk dug / ûk dugum / dugûk / dugumûk+  - ûk dug / dugûk / ûk za dug / za dugûk
   - skri olog   - skri olog
   - hant dog   - hant dog
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   - ink lag   - ink lag
   - kon tark   - kon tark
-  - krak lûg+  - krâk lûg
   - krig golug   - krig golug
   - nar nîn   - nar nîn
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   - ten mountains   - ten mountains
   - only darkness   - only darkness
-  - hundred orcs+  - one hundred orcs
   - seven eyes   - seven eyes
   - this pain   - this pain
 +</hidden>
 +----------------------
 +===== Exercise 3 =====
 +Translate big numbers into Nûrlâm, or from Nûrlâm into numbers:
 +  - 21
 +  - 42
 +  - 69
 +  - tusk agh hantnuk agh hant
 +  - 666
 +  - 911
 +  - 1024
 +  - krithmink agh ash
 +  - 100500
 +  - krigminkmink
 +
 +<hidden show answers>
 +  - krulnuk agh ash
 +  - hantnuk agh krul
 +  - inknuk agh krith
 +  - 144
 +  - inktusk agh inknuk agh ink
 +  - krithtusk agh nukash
 +  - mink agh krulnuk agh hant
 +  - 9001
 +  - tuskmink agh krâktusk
 +  - 3000000
 </hidden> </hidden>
 -------------------- --------------------
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