Nûrlâm –
Black Speech
dialect wiki

User Tools

Site Tools

Trace: • curses • suffix_chain_noun • adjectives
lessons:agglutination

Differences

This shows you the differences between two versions of the page.

Link to this comparison view

Both sides previous revisionPrevious revision
Next revision		Previous revision
lessons:agglutination [2023/07/31 19:26] – [See also] morgothlessons:agglutination [2024/12/10 21:29] (current) – [Rules for joining nouns and adjectives] morgoth
Line 1: Line 1:
-====== Agglutination and clitics ======+====== Lessons — Agglutination and clitics ======
 <WRAP center round important 60%> <WRAP center round important 60%>
 This lesson will be a step up in complexity This lesson will be a step up in complexity
Line 6: Line 6:
 ===== Agglutination ===== ===== Agglutination =====
  
-Black Speech is generally((incl. by J.R.R. Tolkien himself)) considered an agglutinative language. This means that various suffixes or prefixes are added to the word to make new one, either to change the meaning or to express some grammatical or syntactical feature. In lesson about [[lessons:nouns|nouns]] we learnt, that suffix "-um" expresses the definite article similar to English "the", and in [[lessons:adjectives|previous lesson]] that many adjectives are formed from other words by adding suffix "-ûrz". For example, "sigûrz" (long) from "sig-" (to stretch, lengthen). These suffices are used only for their particular purpose, and every grammatical category of the word adds its own suffix to the previous one, thus forming a "suffix chain". This lesson will start to show such "chains" on the most basic examples.+Black Speech is generally((incl. by J.R.R. Tolkien himself)) considered an agglutinative language. This means that various suffixes or prefixes are added to the word to make new one, either to change the meaning or to express some grammatical or syntactical feature. In lesson about [[lessons:nouns|nouns]] we learnt, that suffix "//-um//" expresses the definite article similar to English "the", and in [[lessons:adjectives|previous lesson]] that many adjectives are formed from other words by adding suffix "//-ûrz//". For example, "sigûrz" (long) from "sig-" (to stretch, lengthen). These suffices are used only for their particular purpose, and every grammatical category of the word adds its own suffix to the previous one, thus forming a "suffix chain". This lesson will start to show such "chains" on the most basic examples.
  
 ------------------- -------------------
Line 13: Line 13:
  
 ==== Joining short adjectives with nouns ==== ==== Joining short adjectives with nouns ====
-Short, one-syllable long adjectives may act as clitics, in such case they are placed after the noun. For example, we'd like to say "fat troll", "fat" is "tûrz" and "troll" is "olog" in Nûrlâm, but to make one word we should swap their order, so it will be "ologtûrz". Word "za" (this) works similarly: "this human" may be spelled as "tarkza". In case we want to add both adjective and word "this", adjective comes the last: "this fat troll" is "ologzatûrz". Such joints also mean the words are pronounced fast without pauses between them.+Short, one-syllable long adjectives may act as clitics, in such case they are placed after the noun. For example, we'd like to say "fat troll", "fat" is "tûrz" and "troll" is "olog" in Nûrlâm, but to make one word we should swap their order, so it will be "ologtûrz". Word "za" (this) works similarly: "this human" may be spelled as "tarkza". In case we want to add both adjective and word "this", adjective comes the last: "this fat troll" is "ologzatûrz". The word "ûk" (all) may also work as adjective, but it comes the last: "all these fat trolls" = "ologzatûrzûk". Such joints also mean the words are pronounced fast without pauses between them.
  
-When adjective joins the noun, the definite article suffix "-um" comes after the adjective: "the fat troll" = "ologtûrz__um__".+When the adjective joins the noun, the definite article suffix "//-um//" comes after the adjective: "the fat troll" = "ologtûrz__um__".
  
 ==== Rules for joining nouns and adjectives ==== ==== Rules for joining nouns and adjectives ====
-Joining two words may be cool and cryptic, but it may become too much cryptic, so my advices are to write them separately in the following situations: +Joining two words may be cool and cryptic, but it may become too much cryptic, so I advice to write them separately in the following situations: 
-  * Noun + adjective joints are favorable in making new words, like names for people and places, e.g. "Lugbûrz" (Barad-dûr, Dark Tower) is literally "Tower-dark", but for some abstract dark tower it's better to spell them separately: "some dark tower" is "mush bûrz lug" or "mush lug bûrz".+  * Noun + adjective joints are favorable in making new words, like names for people and places, e.g. "Lugbûrz" (Barad-dûr, Dark Tower) is literally "Tower-dark", but for some abstract dark tower it's better to spell them separately: "some dark tower" is "mûd bûrz lug" or "mûd lug bûrz".
   * If one word ends with same (or similar) sound as the second starts, it's better to split them: "elf" is "golug", "old" is "kû", "old elf" would be "golugkû" but in hasty speech it will be most likely pronounced as /goluggu:/ or /golukku:/ which may lead to a confusion with "towards elf" and "know all" respectively, so it's better say just "kû golug". However this rule doesn't apply to compound words and names like "Nazgûl" from "nazg" (ring) and "gûl" (wraith), "Mauhûr" from "mauh" (warrior) + "hûr" (fierce).   * If one word ends with same (or similar) sound as the second starts, it's better to split them: "elf" is "golug", "old" is "kû", "old elf" would be "golugkû" but in hasty speech it will be most likely pronounced as /goluggu:/ or /golukku:/ which may lead to a confusion with "towards elf" and "know all" respectively, so it's better say just "kû golug". However this rule doesn't apply to compound words and names like "Nazgûl" from "nazg" (ring) and "gûl" (wraith), "Mauhûr" from "mauh" (warrior) + "hûr" (fierce).
   * Similarly, if one word ends with vowel and the other starts with vowel (even these vowels do not match): "this scary orc" is  better be spelled as "za uf uruk" or "za urukuf" instead of "urukzauf", as "au" will make different sound together (/aw/).   * Similarly, if one word ends with vowel and the other starts with vowel (even these vowels do not match): "this scary orc" is  better be spelled as "za uf uruk" or "za urukuf" instead of "urukzauf", as "au" will make different sound together (/aw/).
Line 29: Line 29:
  
 In later lessons you'll find more examples of clitics. In later lessons you'll find more examples of clitics.
 +
 +---------------------
 +===== New words =====
 +  * saub (juice)
 +  * tub (pile)
 +
 +--------------------
 +===== Exercise =====
 +Translate the following according to recommendations of this lesson, join the words whenever it's possible, leave them separated when similar sounds occur together:
 +  - dirty sword (dug + lag)
 +  - fine juice (bhog + saub)
 +  - heavy pile (bûrd + tub)
 +  - mighty warrior (bolg + mauh)
 +  - red eyes (karn + hont)
 +  - the bad wraith (fik + gûl)
 +  - the dead orc (gûrz + uruk)
 +  - the fierce troll (hûr + olog)
 +  - this big mountain (za + dau + rod)
 +  - this scary darkness (za + uf + burz)
 +<hidden show answers>
 +  - lagdug
 +  - bhog saub
 +  - bûrd tub
 +  - mauhbolg
 +  - hontkarn
 +  - gûlfikum
 +  - gûrz urukum
 +  - hûr ologum
 +  - rodzadau
 +  - za burzuf
 +</hidden>
  
 -------------------- --------------------
lessons/agglutination.1690820781.txt.gz · Last modified: (external edit)
Except where otherwise noted, content on this wiki is licensed under the following license: CC Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 4.0 International
CC Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 4.0 International Powered by PHP Valid HTML5 Valid CSS Driven by DokuWiki