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lessons:adpositions_2

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lessons:adpositions_2 [2024/12/07 10:54] – morgothlessons:adpositions_2 [2025/11/04 22:28] (current) – morgoth
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-====== Postpositions ======+====== Lessons — Postpositions ======
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-A hard lesson+A harder lesson
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 Majority of Indo-European languages uses prepositions together with nouns to describe directions, locations and time intervals. Prepositions are auxiliary words placed before nouns, hence their name. However in Nûrlâm such words are usually placed **after** nouns, and therefore are called **//postpositions//**. Nûrlâm has both pre- and post-positions, and such words are collectively called **//adpositions//**. Majority of Indo-European languages uses prepositions together with nouns to describe directions, locations and time intervals. Prepositions are auxiliary words placed before nouns, hence their name. However in Nûrlâm such words are usually placed **after** nouns, and therefore are called **//postpositions//**. Nûrlâm has both pre- and post-positions, and such words are collectively called **//adpositions//**.
  
-While overall Nûrlâm has more postpositions than prepositions, in this lesson we'll study only few of postpositions. However, because they are very important in Nûrlâm's grammar there will be a lot of special lessons about them. Here only the postpositions that do not require any additional grammatical forms of nouns are listed. +While Nûrlâm has more postpositions than prepositions overall, in this lesson we'll study only a few of postpositions. However, because they are very important in Nûrlâm's grammar there will be a lot of special lessons about them later. Here only the postpositions that do not require any additional grammatical forms of nouns are listed. 
  
 Postpositions in Nûrlâm are used to describe locations or directions, while time and actions towards persons or objects are described with prepositions. Postpositions are **always** one syllable long. Postpositions in Nûrlâm are used to describe locations or directions, while time and actions towards persons or objects are described with prepositions. Postpositions are **always** one syllable long.
  
-==== New words ==== +===== New words ===== 
-  * as (across; but may also mean: through, by, along, past [travel through visiting the location]) +  * as (across; but may also mean: through, by, past [travel through visiting the location])
-  * hûm (gate)+
   * kurn (around [place])   * kurn (around [place])
 +  * odh (along, by)
 +  * thu (beyond, over [place, horizontally], past [to get past the place])
 +
 +  * fauth (lurk, hide [self])
 +  * hûm (gate)
   * mûl (road)   * mûl (road)
 +  * ramz (wall)
   * sîr (river)   * sîr (river)
-  * thu (beyond, over [place, horizontally], past [to get past the place]) 
  
 ==== Examples ==== ==== Examples ====
-English prepositions like "by" have different meanings, and may be translated with differen Nûrlâm's words. These examples will hopefully clarify how to properly use Nûrlâm's postpositions mentioned above.+English prepositions like "by" have different meanings, and may be translated with different Nûrlâm's words. These examples will hopefully clarify how to properly use Nûrlâm's postpositions mentioned above.
   * across the mountains = za rod as   * across the mountains = za rod as
-  * along the road = mûlum as+  * along the road = mûlum odh
   * around the city = goim kurn   * around the city = goim kurn
-  * beyond the gates = hûmum thu+  * beyond the gates = za hûm thu 
 +  * by the river = sîrum odh
   * by the sea = kârshum as   * by the sea = kârshum as
   * over the hills = za kaup thu((somewhere further behind the hills))   * over the hills = za kaup thu((somewhere further behind the hills))
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 ===== Exercise 1 ===== ===== Exercise 1 =====
 Translate from English into Nûrlâm: Translate from English into Nûrlâm:
-  - Five Nazgûl are flying around the city;+  - an old person is going across the road 
 +  - five Nazgûl are flying around the city 
 +  - the sword almost stabbed the troll through the eye 
 +  - two slaves are quickly escaping by the river
  
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 ===== Exercise 2 ===== ===== Exercise 2 =====
 Translate from Nûrlâm into English: Translate from Nûrlâm into English:
-  - Mak mau ghuruzû ârshik; +  - ash bolg mauh skâtuzâ hûm as
 <hidden show answers>Hidden section</hidden> <hidden show answers>Hidden section</hidden>
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lessons/adpositions_2.1733558066.txt.gz · Last modified: by morgoth
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