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--- lessons:adpositions_2 [2024/12/07 09:40] – created morgoth
+++ lessons:adpositions_2 [2025/11/04 22:28] (current) – morgoth
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-====== Postpositions ======
+====== Lessons — Postpositions ======
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-A hard lesson
+A harder lesson
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-**//Prepositions//** are auxiliary words placed before nouns, hence their name. Majority of Indo-European languages uses prepositions together with nouns to describe directions, locations and time intervals.
+Majority of Indo-European languages uses prepositions together with nouns to describe directions, locations and time intervals. Prepositions are auxiliary words placed before nouns, hence their name. However in Nûrlâm such words are usually placed **after** nouns, and therefore are called **//postpositions//**. Nûrlâm has both pre- and post-positions, and such words are collectively called **//adpositions//**.
-However in Nûrlâm such words are usually placed **after** nouns, and are called **//postpositions//**. Nûrlâm has both pre- and post-positions, and such words are collectively called **//adpositions//**.
-Majority of Indo-European languages uses prepositions together with nouns to describe directions, locations and time intervals. **//Prepositions//** are auxiliary words placed before nouns, hence their name. However in Nûrlâm such words are usually placed **after** nouns, and are called **//postpositions//**. Nûrlâm has both pre- and post-positions, and such words are collectively called **//adpositions//**.
+While Nûrlâm has more postpositions than prepositions overall, in this lesson we'll study only a few of postpositions. However, because they are very important in Nûrlâm's grammar there will be a lot of special lessons about them later. Here only the postpositions that do not require any additional grammatical forms of nouns are listed.
--------------------------
+Postpositions in Nûrlâm are used to describe locations or directions, while time and actions towards persons or objects are described with prepositions. Postpositions are **always** one syllable long.
-===== Postpositions =====
-While Nûrlâm has more postpositions than prepositions, in this lesson we'll study only few of them. However, because they are very important in Nûrlâm's grammar there will be a lot of special lessons about them. Here only the postpositions that do not require any additional grammatical forms of nouns are listed.
-==== New words ====
+===== New words =====
-  * as (across; but may also mean: through, by, along, past [travel through visiting the location])
+  * as (across; but may also mean: through, by, past [travel through visiting the location])
   * kurn (around [place])
+  * odh (along, by)
   * thu (beyond, over [place, horizontally], past [to get past the place])
+  * fauth (lurk, hide [self])
+  * hûm (gate)
+  * mûl (road)
+  * ramz (wall)
+  * sîr (river)
 ==== Examples ====
-English prepositions like "by" have different meanings, and may be translated with differen Nûrlâm's words. These examples will hopefully clarify how to properly use Nûrlâm's postpositions mentioned above.
+English prepositions like "by" have different meanings, and may be translated with different Nûrlâm's words. These examples will hopefully clarify how to properly use Nûrlâm's postpositions mentioned above.
   * across the mountains = za rod as
-  * along the road = mûlum as
+  * along the road = mûlum odh
   * around the city = goim kurn
-  * beyond the gates = hûmum thu
+  * beyond the gates = za hûm thu
+  * by the river = sîrum odh
   * by the sea = kârshum as
   * over the hills = za kaup thu((somewhere further behind the hills))
   * past the river = sîrum as = sîrum thu
   * through the forest = taum as
-=== New words ===
-  * hûm (gate)
-  * kârsh (sea)
-  * kaup (hill)
-  * mûl (road)
-  * sîr (river)
-------------------------
-===== Prepositions =====
-While postpositions in Nûrlâm are always used to describe locations or directions, prepositions mostly describe time or actions towards persons or objects. And words describing locations are placed before nouns only if they consist of two syllables.
-==== New words ====
-  * bug (against [someone or something])
-  * gus (about [someone or something])
-  * ik (before [time], by [some time])
-  * la (after [time])
-  * lata (under, beneath, below)
-  * shi (at [exact time], in [time of day])
-  * tala (above, over [vertically], on top of)
-==== Examples ====
-  * about some shit = gus mûd push
-  * above the sea = tala kârshum
-  * against wraiths = bug gûl
-  * after 7 years = la udug lau
-  * at night = shi fugh
-  * before the dusk = ik ândhum
-  * below the dirt = lata dugum
-  * beneath the water = lata nînum
-  * by the dawn = ik ânshum
-  * on top of the tower = tala lugum
-  * over the hills = tala za kaup((somewhere higher than hills' pinnacles))
-  * under the mountain = lata rodum
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-As you can notice, "over" may be translated either with preposition "tala" or postposition "thu" but with different connotations.
+As you can notice from this and previous lesson, "over" may be translated either with preposition "tala" or postposition "thu" but with different connotations.
 </WRAP>
-=== New words ===
-  * ândh (evening, dusk)
-  * ânsh (morning, dawn)
-  * ârsh (day)
-    * ârshik (yesterday)((literally "day before"))
-  * fugh (night)
-Some of prepositions may be used without nouns as adverbs. Example: "Come after" => "Skât la".
 ----------------------
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 ==== Examples ====
   * Burn <wrap dashed_underline>the forests</wrap> <wrap wavy_underline>around the mountain</wrap> => Ghâsh <wrap dashed_underline>za tau</wrap> <wrap wavy_underline>rodum kurn</wrap>;
-  * Orcs <wrap double_underline>walk</wrap> <wrap wavy_underline>at night</wrap> => Uruk <wrap double_underline>ukhû</wrap> <wrap wavy_underline>shi fugh</wrap>.
 ----------------------
 ===== Exercise 1 =====
 Translate from English into Nûrlâm:
-  - Five Nazgûl are flying around the city;
+  - an old person is going across the road
-  - Eight orcs came late in the evening;
+  - five Nazgûl are flying around the city
+  - the sword almost stabbed the troll through the eye
+  - two slaves are quickly escaping by the river
 <hidden show answers>Hidden section</hidden>
@@ Line 99: / Line 62: @@
 ===== Exercise 2 =====
 Translate from Nûrlâm into English:
-  - Burz skâtâ shi fugh;
+  - ash bolg mauh skâtuzâ hûm as
-  - Mak mau ghuruzû ârshik;
 <hidden show answers>Hidden section</hidden>
 --------------------
 ===== See also =====
   * [[:lessons|All lessons]]
+  * [[lessons:adpositions_1|Lesson: "Prepositions"]]
+  * [[lessons:agglutination|Lesson: "Agglutination and clitics"]]
   * [[lessons:adverbs_1|Lesson: "Descriptive words: adverbs"]]
   * [[:adpositions|Adpositions]]

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