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--- lessons:adpositions_1 [2024/12/07 10:33] – morgoth
+++ lessons:adpositions_1 [2025/10/10 21:57] (current) – morgoth
@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-====== Prepositions ======
+====== Lessons — Prepositions ======
-<WRAP center round todo 60%>
-<todo>Lesson not finished</todo>
-</WRAP>
 **//Prepositions//** are auxiliary words placed before nouns, hence their name. Majority of Indo-European languages uses prepositions together with nouns to describe directions, locations and time intervals. However, in Nûrlâm such words are usually placed **after** nouns, and are called **//postpositions//** which will be discussed in the following lesson. Nûrlâm has both pre- and post-positions, and such words are collectively called **//adpositions//**.
@@ Line 9: / Line 5: @@
 ===== New words =====
-  * ândh (evening, dusk)
-  * ânsh (morning, dawn)
-  * ârsh (day)
-    * ârshik (yesterday)((literally "day before"))
   * bug (against [someone or something])
-  * fugh (night)
   * gus (about [someone or something])
   * ik (before [time], by [some time])
-  * kârsh (sea)
-  * kaup (hill)
   * la (after [time])
   * lata (under, beneath, below)
   * shi (at [exact time], in [time of day])
   * tala (above, over [vertically], on top of)
+  * ândh (evening, dusk)
+  * ânsh (morning, dawn)
+  * ânth (early)((same form for adjectives and adverbs))
+  * ârsh (day, noon)
+    * ârshik (yesterday)((literally "day before", but preposition "ik" acts as an adverb and then became a clitic because of the frequent usage))
+  * fugh (night)
+  * kârsh (sea)
+  * kaup (hill)
 ==== Examples ====
@@ Line 49: / Line 47: @@
 ===== Exercise 1 =====
 Translate from English into Nûrlâm:
-  - Eight orcs came late in the evening;
+  - a tower stands on top of this hill
+  - all trolls fled before the dawn
+  - dwarves live under this mountain
+  - eight orcs came late in the evening
+  - humans spoke about life
+  - make [a] fire at night
+  - old demons sleep beneath the sea
+  - orcish warriors are resting after the hunt((just use the stem of the verb "to hunt"))
+  - scary dragon burns a slave alive after the bad day
+  - yesterday the warrior fought against the Nazgûl
-<hidden show answers>Hidden section</hidden>
+<hidden show answers>
+  - ash lug binâ tala za kaup
+  - ûk olog irzuzû ik ânshum
+  - gazat kîbû lata za rod
+  - skri uruk skâtuzû lad shi ândhum
+  - tark gashnuzû gus slai
+  - kramp ash ghâsh shi fugh
+  - kû rog lorû lata kârshum
+  - urukûrz mau(h) kâtû la farbum
+  - uf lûg ghâshâ ash snaga kîbarz la fik ârshum / lûg uf ghâshâ ash snaga kîbarz la ârshum fik
+  - ârshik mauhum maukuzâ bug Nazgûlum / ârshik maum maukuzâ bug Nazgûlum
+</hidden>
 ----------------------
 ===== Exercise 2 =====
 Translate from Nûrlâm into English:
-  - Burz skâtâ shi fugh;
+  - ash golug uglûrz gashnâ gus karn poi tug
-  - Mak mau ghuruzû ârshik;
+  - ash ûzûl tau kâtâ lata rodum mor
+  - burz skâtâ shi fugh
+  - dau lûg skoirû tala lugum
+  - kû tark maukuzâ bug hûr kârshum
+  - mak mau ghuruzû ârshik
+  - nar olog lalû shi ârsh
+  - Nazgûl skoirû tala bûrz kaupum
+  - sta golug duzuzû ânth shi ânshum
+  - tusk noi nâkhuzu za shra ik ândhum
+<hidden show answers>
+  - a frightening elf speaks only about red berries
+  - a green forest lies under the black mountain
+  - darkness comes at night
+  - large dragons are flying over the tower
+  - old human fought against the fierce sea
+  - many warriors died yesterday
+  - no trolls laugh at noon
+  - Nâzgûl are flying over the dark hill
+  - short elves were sitting early in the morning
+  - [one] hundred bees bit this person before the dawn
+</hidden>
-<hidden show answers>Hidden section</hidden>
 --------------------
 ===== See also =====

Nûrlâm –Black Speech dialect wiki

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Nûrlâm –
Black Speech
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