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--- lessons:adpositions_1 [2024/09/12 09:12] – [Exercise 2] morgoth
+++ lessons:adpositions_1 [2025/10/10 21:57] (current) – morgoth
@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-====== Prepositions and Postpositions ======
+====== Lessons — Prepositions ======
-<WRAP center round todo 60%>
+**//Prepositions//** are auxiliary words placed before nouns, hence their name. Majority of Indo-European languages uses prepositions together with nouns to describe directions, locations and time intervals. However, in Nûrlâm such words are usually placed **after** nouns, and are called **//postpositions//** which will be discussed in the following lesson. Nûrlâm has both pre- and post-positions, and such words are collectively called **//adpositions//**.
-<todo>Lesson not finished</todo>
-</WRAP>
-<WRAP center round important 60%>
-A hard lesson
-</WRAP>
-Majority of Indo-European languages uses prepositions together with nouns to describe directions, locations and time intervals. **//Prepositions//** are auxiliary words placed before nouns, hence their name. However in Nûrlâm such words are usually placed **after** nouns, and are called **//postpositions//**. Nûrlâm has both pre- and post-positions, and such words are collectively called **//adpositions//**.
--------------------------
-===== Postpositions =====
-While Nûrlâm has more postpositions than prepositions, in this lesson we'll study only few of them. However, because they are very important in Nûrlâm's grammar there will be a lot of special lessons about them. Here only the postpositions that do not require any additional grammatical forms of nouns are listed.
-==== New words ====
-  * as (across; but may also mean: through, by, along, past [travel through visiting the location])
-  * kurn (around [place])
-  * thu (beyond, over [place, horizontally], past [to get past the place])
-==== Examples ====
-English prepositions like "by" have different meanings, and may be translated with differen Nûrlâm's words. These examples will hopefully clarify how to properly use Nûrlâm's postpositions mentioned above.
-  * across the mountains = za rod as
-  * along the road = mûlum as
-  * around the city = goim kurn
-  * beyond the gates = hûmum thu
-  * by the sea = kârshum as
-  * over the hills = za kaup thu((somewhere further behind the hills))
-  * past the river = sîrum as = sîrum thu
-  * through the forest = taum as
-=== New words ===
-  * hûm (gate)
-  * kârsh (sea)
-  * kaup (hill)
-  * mûl (road)
-  * sîr (river)
-------------------------
-===== Prepositions =====
 While postpositions in Nûrlâm are always used to describe locations or directions, prepositions mostly describe time or actions towards persons or objects. And words describing locations are placed before nouns only if they consist of two syllables.
-==== New words ====
+===== New words =====
   * bug (against [someone or something])
   * gus (about [someone or something])
@@ Line 49: / Line 12: @@
   * shi (at [exact time], in [time of day])
   * tala (above, over [vertically], on top of)
+  * ândh (evening, dusk)
+  * ânsh (morning, dawn)
+  * ânth (early)((same form for adjectives and adverbs))
+  * ârsh (day, noon)
+    * ârshik (yesterday)((literally "day before", but preposition "ik" acts as an adverb and then became a clitic because of the frequent usage))
+  * fugh (night)
+  * kârsh (sea)
+  * kaup (hill)
 ==== Examples ====
@@ Line 63: / Line 35: @@
   * over the hills = tala za kaup((somewhere higher than hills' pinnacles))
   * under the mountain = lata rodum
-<WRAP center round info 60%>
-As you can notice, "over" may be translated either with preposition "tala" or postposition "thu" but with different connotations.
-</WRAP>
-=== New words ===
-  * ândh (evening, dusk)
-  * ânsh (morning, dawn)
-  * ârsh (day)
-    * ârshik (yesterday)((literally "day before"))
-  * fugh (night)
-Some of prepositions may be used without nouns as adverbs. Example: "Come after" => "Skât la".
 ----------------------
 ===== Word order =====
-The whole phrases made of prepositions or postpositions with nouns act together similar to adverbs and adjectives, and are always placed **after** the words they describe.
+The whole phrases made of prepositions with nouns act together similar to adverbs and adjectives, and are always placed **after** the words they describe. Some prepositions may be used without nouns as adverbs.
 ==== Examples ====
-  * Burn <wrap dashed_underline>the forests</wrap> <wrap wavy_underline>around the mountain</wrap> => Ghâsh <wrap dashed_underline>za tau</wrap> <wrap wavy_underline>rodum kurn</wrap>;
+  * Come after => Skât la.
   * Orcs <wrap double_underline>walk</wrap> <wrap wavy_underline>at night</wrap> => Uruk <wrap double_underline>ukhû</wrap> <wrap wavy_underline>shi fugh</wrap>.
@@ Line 88: / Line 47: @@
 ===== Exercise 1 =====
 Translate from English into Nûrlâm:
-  - Five Nazgûl are flying around the city;
+  - a tower stands on top of this hill
-  - Eight orcs came late in the evening;
+  - all trolls fled before the dawn
+  - dwarves live under this mountain
+  - eight orcs came late in the evening
+  - humans spoke about life
+  - make [a] fire at night
+  - old demons sleep beneath the sea
+  - orcish warriors are resting after the hunt((just use the stem of the verb "to hunt"))
+  - scary dragon burns a slave alive after the bad day
+  - yesterday the warrior fought against the Nazgûl
-<hidden show answers>Hidden section</hidden>
+<hidden show answers>
+  - ash lug binâ tala za kaup
+  - ûk olog irzuzû ik ânshum
+  - gazat kîbû lata za rod
+  - skri uruk skâtuzû lad shi ândhum
+  - tark gashnuzû gus slai
+  - kramp ash ghâsh shi fugh
+  - kû rog lorû lata kârshum
+  - urukûrz mau(h) kâtû la farbum
+  - uf lûg ghâshâ ash snaga kîbarz la fik ârshum / lûg uf ghâshâ ash snaga kîbarz la ârshum fik
+  - ârshik mauhum maukuzâ bug Nazgûlum / ârshik maum maukuzâ bug Nazgûlum
+</hidden>
 ----------------------
 ===== Exercise 2 =====
 Translate from Nûrlâm into English:
-  - Burz skâtâ shi fugh;
+  - ash golug uglûrz gashnâ gus karn poi tug
-  - Mak mau ghuruzû ârshik;
+  - ash ûzûl tau kâtâ lata rodum mor
+  - burz skâtâ shi fugh
+  - dau lûg skoirû tala lugum
+  - kû tark maukuzâ bug hûr kârshum
+  - mak mau ghuruzû ârshik
+  - nar olog lalû shi ârsh
+  - Nazgûl skoirû tala bûrz kaupum
+  - sta golug duzuzû ânth shi ânshum
+  - tusk noi nâkhuzu za shra ik ândhum
+<hidden show answers>
+  - a frightening elf speaks only about red berries
+  - a green forest lies under the black mountain
+  - darkness comes at night
+  - large dragons are flying over the tower
+  - old human fought against the fierce sea
+  - many warriors died yesterday
+  - no trolls laugh at noon
+  - Nâzgûl are flying over the dark hill
+  - short elves were sitting early in the morning
+  - [one] hundred bees bit this person before the dawn
+</hidden>
-<hidden show answers>Hidden section</hidden>
 --------------------
 ===== See also =====
   * [[:lessons|All lessons]]
+  * [[lessons:adpositions_2|Lesson: "Postpositions"]]
   * [[lessons:adverbs_1|Lesson: "Descriptive words: adverbs"]]
   * [[:adpositions|Adpositions]]

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