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Black Speech
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include:personal_pronouns [2021/08/22 14:13] – morgothinclude:personal_pronouns [2026/07/02 09:56] (current) – morgoth
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 Actually such behavior of pronouns is the calque from Quenya, and not the unique thing of Black Speech and not the result of some imaginary Sauron's philosophy. "Cf. Aragorn's exclamation when he found the sapling of the White Tree: **Utúvienyes!**, "I have found it!" (**utúvie**-**nye**-**s** "have found-I-it"; LotR3/VI ch. 5)" ((https://folk.uib.no/hnohf/quenya.htm)) Actually such behavior of pronouns is the calque from Quenya, and not the unique thing of Black Speech and not the result of some imaginary Sauron's philosophy. "Cf. Aragorn's exclamation when he found the sapling of the White Tree: **Utúvienyes!**, "I have found it!" (**utúvie**-**nye**-**s** "have found-I-it"; LotR3/VI ch. 5)" ((https://folk.uib.no/hnohf/quenya.htm))
  
-Similarly to [[hurrian_hypothesis|Hurrian]], Nûrlâm has complex pronominal system (however more consistent) with different pronouns for subject and object. +Similarly to [[:hurrian_hypothesis|Hurrian]] and more closely to Akkadian, Nûrlâm has complex pronominal system (however more consistent) with different pronouns for subject and object. 
  
 Pronouns were heavily modified during the history of Black Speech. Below is the summary table for all features existed in Nûrlâm. See also articles on grammatical category of [[:grammar_person|person]] and [[:black_speech_evolution|evolution of Black Speech]] for more historical information.  Pronouns were heavily modified during the history of Black Speech. Below is the summary table for all features existed in Nûrlâm. See also articles on grammatical category of [[:grammar_person|person]] and [[:black_speech_evolution|evolution of Black Speech]] for more historical information. 
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 | 1st sg. | standalone | I   | da     | HORN "da";\\ compare with Urartian ending "-də" of intransitive verb in 1st person singular | | 1st sg. | standalone | I   | da     | HORN "da";\\ compare with Urartian ending "-də" of intransitive verb in 1st person singular |
 | :::    | clitic, -4 <sup>[[#Notes|[1]]]</sup> | ::: | da- | ::: | | :::    | clitic, -4 <sup>[[#Notes|[1]]]</sup> | ::: | da- | ::: |
-| :::    | clitic, 3 <sup>[[#Notes|[3]]]</sup> | me | -iz | LOS "-izg", ZB "-ish" (1st person exclusive clitic pronoun in absolutive case) < Hurrian standalone 1st person singular pronoun "ishte" | +| :::    | clitic, 4 <sup>[[#Notes|[3]]]</sup> | me | -iz | LOS "-izg", ZB "-ish" (1st person exclusive clitic pronoun in absolutive case) < Hurrian standalone 1st person singular pronoun "ishte" | 
-| 1st pl. | standalone | we   | dak     | HORN "dak", in analogy with 3rd person "ta" – "tak" |+| 1st pl. | standalone | we   | dak     | HORN "dak", in analogy with 3rd person "ta" -- "tak" |
 | :::    | clitic, -4 <sup>[[#Notes|[1]]]</sup> | ::: | dak- | ::: | | :::    | clitic, -4 <sup>[[#Notes|[1]]]</sup> | ::: | dak- | ::: |
-| :::    | clitic, 3 <sup>[[#Notes|[3]]]</sup>  | us  | -ak | ZB "-ak" (1st person inclusive clitic pronoun in absolutive case) |+| :::    | clitic, 4 <sup>[[#Notes|[3]]]</sup>  | us  | -ak | ZB "-ak" (1st person inclusive clitic pronoun in absolutive case) |
 | 2nd sg. | standalone | you, thou | fi | Gnomish singular "fi" + Hurrian standalone singular "fe" | | 2nd sg. | standalone | you, thou | fi | Gnomish singular "fi" + Hurrian standalone singular "fe" |
 | :::    | clitic, -4 <sup>[[#Notes|[1]]]</sup> | ::: | fi- | ::: | | :::    | clitic, -4 <sup>[[#Notes|[1]]]</sup> | ::: | fi- | ::: |
-| :::    | clitic, 3 <sup>[[#Notes|[3]]]</sup> | you, thee | -am | Hurrian absolutive 2nd singular clitic "-m(ma)" |+| :::    | clitic, 4 <sup>[[#Notes|[3]]]</sup> | you, thee | -am | Hurrian absolutive 2nd singular clitic "-m(ma)" |
 | 2nd pl. | standalone | you, ye | gi | DS "ki" < Adûnaic "ki" & Qenya "ke" (sing.), DS "gi" (your), Gnomish "gwe" (pl.) | | 2nd pl. | standalone | you, ye | gi | DS "ki" < Adûnaic "ki" & Qenya "ke" (sing.), DS "gi" (your), Gnomish "gwe" (pl.) |
 | :::    | clitic, -4 <sup>[[#Notes|[1]]]</sup> | ::: | gi- | ::: | | :::    | clitic, -4 <sup>[[#Notes|[1]]]</sup> | ::: | gi- | ::: |
-| :::    | clitic, 3 <sup>[[#Notes|[3]]]</sup> | you | -af | Hurrian absolutive 2nd plural clitic "-f(fa)" | +| :::    | clitic, 4 <sup>[[#Notes|[3]]]</sup> | you | -af | Hurrian absolutive 2nd plural clitic "-f(fa)" | 
 | 3rd sg. | standalone | he, she, it | ta | EL "tak" (they), all major dialects from Etym. "TA" (that), Qenya "ta" (that, it), replaced in later Quenya | | 3rd sg. | standalone | he, she, it | ta | EL "tak" (they), all major dialects from Etym. "TA" (that), Qenya "ta" (that, it), replaced in later Quenya |
 | :::    | clitic, -4 <sup>[[#Notes|[1]]]</sup> | ::: | ta- | ::: | | :::    | clitic, -4 <sup>[[#Notes|[1]]]</sup> | ::: | ta- | ::: |
-| :::    | clitic, 2 <sup>[[#Notes|[2]]]</sup> | ::: | -â(t) | Hurrian 3rd person suffix of transitive verb "-a" + LOS 3rd person singular verb suffix "-at";\\ compare with HORN suffix "-a" with meaning "one who does" | +| :::    | clitic, 3 <sup>[[#Notes|[2]]]</sup> | ::: | -â(t) | Hurrian 3rd person suffix of transitive verb "-a" + LOS 3rd person singular verb suffix "-at";\\ compare with HORN suffix "-a" with meaning "one who does" | 
-| :::    | clitic, 3 <sup>[[#Notes|[3]]]</sup> | him, her, it | -an | Hurrian absolutive 3rd singular clitic "-n(na)" | +| :::    | clitic, 4 <sup>[[#Notes|[3]]]</sup> | him, her, it | -an | Hurrian absolutive 3rd singular clitic "-n(na)" | 
 | 3rd pl. | standalone | they | tak | EL "tak" (they) | | 3rd pl. | standalone | they | tak | EL "tak" (they) |
 | :::    | clitic, -4 <sup>[[#Notes|[1]]]</sup> | ::: | tak- | ::: | | :::    | clitic, -4 <sup>[[#Notes|[1]]]</sup> | ::: | tak- | ::: |
-| :::    | clitic, 2 <sup>[[#Notes|[2]]]</sup> | ::: | -û(t) | rare Svartiska's plural suffix //-û// + AN 3rd person plural verb ending //-ut// | +| :::    | clitic, 3 <sup>[[#Notes|[2]]]</sup> | ::: | -û(t) | rare Svartiska's plural suffix //-û// + AN 3rd person plural verb ending //-ut// | 
-| :::    | clitic, 3 <sup>[[#Notes|[3]]]</sup> | them | -ul | TK, CBS, RI |+| :::    | clitic, 4 <sup>[[#Notes|[3]]]</sup> | them | -ul | TK, CBS, RI |
  
 Third person nominal markers //-â// and //-û// are used at the end of the word and before consonants of following suffixes and clitics. When following suffixes or clitics starts with vowel (almost every of them), auxiliary suffix //-t-// is inserted between them (see [[:grammar_verb#suffix_chain|verb's suffix chain]]). During transition to Modern language 3rd person markers //-â// and //-û// occur only with transitive verbs. Third person nominal markers //-â// and //-û// are used at the end of the word and before consonants of following suffixes and clitics. When following suffixes or clitics starts with vowel (almost every of them), auxiliary suffix //-t-// is inserted between them (see [[:grammar_verb#suffix_chain|verb's suffix chain]]). During transition to Modern language 3rd person markers //-â// and //-û// occur only with transitive verbs.
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 | 1st pl.                   | we      | dak      | |  | 1st pl.                   | we      | dak      | | 
 | :::                       | :::     | **izgû** | LOS "izg" + regular plural suffix "-û" | | :::                       | :::     | **izgû** | LOS "izg" + regular plural suffix "-û" |
-| 2nd sing.                 | you     | gi       | |+| 2nd sing.                 | you     | fi       | |
 | :::                       | :::     | **lat**  | AN, used in majority of other Neo Black Speech dialects;\\ compare with Quenya "-lyë", "-llë", "ellë", "le" | | :::                       | :::     | **lat**  | AN, used in majority of other Neo Black Speech dialects;\\ compare with Quenya "-lyë", "-llë", "ellë", "le" |
-| 2nd pl.                   | :::     | fi       | |+| 2nd pl.                   | :::     | gi       | |
 | :::                       | :::     | **latû** | AN "lat" + regular plural suffix "-û" | | :::                       | :::     | **latû** | AN "lat" + regular plural suffix "-û" |
 | 3rd sing. m.              | he      | ta       | |  | 3rd sing. m.              | he      | ta       | | 
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 Positions in verb's [[:grammar_verb#suffix_chain|suffix chain table]]: Positions in verb's [[:grammar_verb#suffix_chain|suffix chain table]]:
   - -4: prefix of person (pronominal subject);   - -4: prefix of person (pronominal subject);
-  - 2: suffix of person when subject is not a personal pronoun, e.g. noun or relative or indefinite pronoun; +  - 3: suffix of person when subject is not a personal pronoun, e.g. noun or relative or indefinite pronoun; 
-  - 3: suffix of object's person (only when object is a personal pronoun in Accusative/Objective case);+  - 4: suffix of object's person (only when object is a personal pronoun in Accusative/Objective case);
  
 ----------------------- -----------------------
 ==== Summary table ==== ==== Summary table ====
 {{page>include:personal_pronouns_summary}} {{page>include:personal_pronouns_summary}}
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