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grammar_aspect [2022/05/30 22:57] – external edit 127.0.0.1grammar_aspect [2024/09/17 11:43] (current) – [Grammatical aspect] morgoth
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 ^ Clitic adverb ^ Name((only for Nûrlâm, as terminology on aspects is not unified and their usage may differ)) ^ Literal meaning ^ Usage ^ ^ Clitic adverb ^ Name((only for Nûrlâm, as terminology on aspects is not unified and their usage may differ)) ^ Literal meaning ^ Usage ^
-| -âzh | Partial | slightly, partially | incomplete action, action done not with a full force, also may denote irregular action in contrast to suffix //-ok//.\\ English sentence "Open the gate just a little" may be translated into a rather short phrase in Nûrlâm ("Badz__âzh__ hûm")  | +| -âzh | "Partial/Fragmental" | slightly, partially | incomplete action, action done not with a full force, also may denote irregular action in contrast to suffix //-ok//.\\ English sentence "Open the gate just a little" may be translated into a rather short phrase in Nûrlâm ("Badz__âzh__ hûm")  | 
-| -îs  | Inchoactive/"Initial" | recently/just started | To mark action that started before the moment of speaking or described event, and continued after it. Translated as "start" + verb in infinitive. Used only with Past and Future tense in Nûrlâm, but may be translated into English as Present Perfect in simple phrase "Dabuluz__îs__" = "I've just started to work"  | +| -îs  | Inchoative/"Initial" | recently/just started | To mark action that started before the moment of speaking or described event, and continued after it. Translated as "start" + verb in infinitive. Used only with Past and Future tense in Nûrlâm, but may be translated into English as Present Perfect in simple phrase "Dabuluz__îs__" = "I've just started to work"  | 
-| -ok  | Habitual/Iterative | always, usually, regularly | equivalent of stereotypical English Simple tenses: "The Great Eye always watches from the Barad-dûr" = "Bhahont hon__ok__â Lugbûrzbo". Together with Past tense may translate phrase "used to (do something)" (with meaning of some regular action in the past, not familiarity with): "Tafauthuz__ok__ bathor" = "He usually hid in the shadows" / "He used to hide in the shadows" |+| -ok  | Habitual/Iterative | always, usually, regularly | equivalent of stereotypical English Simple tenses: "The Great Eye always watches from the Barad-dûr" = "Bhahontum hon__ok__â Lugbûrzbo". Together with Past tense may translate phrase "used to (do something)" (with meaning of some regular action in the past, not familiarity with): "Tafauthuz__ok__ bathor" = "He usually hid in the shadows" / "He used to hide in the shadows" |
 | -rad | Continuous/Progressive | now, still | equivalent of English Continuous tenses: "I'm still hating you" = "Damokam__rad__" | | -rad | Continuous/Progressive | now, still | equivalent of English Continuous tenses: "I'm still hating you" = "Damokam__rad__" |
 | -ad  | ::: | ::: | the same as //-rad// but used when verb's root ends with //r// or many consonants: "I'm drinking now" = "Da akr__ad__" | | -ad  | ::: | ::: | the same as //-rad// but used when verb's root ends with //r// or many consonants: "I'm drinking now" = "Da akr__ad__" |
 | -ûk  | Perfective/"Final" | completely, fully, finally, all | equivalent of English Perfect tenses. Used to denote that action is finished by the moment of speaking or described event: "The dragon completely destroyed the dwarven city" = "Lûgum shaduzât__ûk__ goi gazatob" | | -ûk  | Perfective/"Final" | completely, fully, finally, all | equivalent of English Perfect tenses. Used to denote that action is finished by the moment of speaking or described event: "The dragon completely destroyed the dwarven city" = "Lûgum shaduzât__ûk__ goi gazatob" |
 | ::: | ::: | ::: | may mean that action was done (being done/will be done) for all objects mentioned in the sentence, like in [[ring-verse|Ring Inscription]]  | | ::: | ::: | ::: | may mean that action was done (being done/will be done) for all objects mentioned in the sentence, like in [[ring-verse|Ring Inscription]]  |
-| -uth | Prospective/"Intentional" | be going to, be about to, will do smth. soon | To mark action that is only intended at the moment of speaking or described event (usually in the Past tense): "I was about to kill him" = "Dadoguzan__uth__".\\ May be replaced with:\\ \_\_a) verb "pant-" + main verb in infinitive, especially in combination with Perfective aspect and expressions like "going to finish (smth.)" (pant + INF + perfective aspect) and in Modern [[syntax_analytic|analytical language]]: "Dragon is going to completely destroy this city" = "Lûgum __pantâ__ shad__utûk__ goiza".\\ \_\_b) [[grammar_gerundive|gerundive]] in dependent clause with additional clarification that action will happen in near future: "I was going to kill him" = "Dakuz dog__at__an"\\ \\ Unlike other languages that have Prospective aspect (probably Persian), in Nûrlâm it usually carry a tone of intention. |+| -ûn  | Cessative/Terminative/"Final" | newly, freshly, recently, just (happened) | similar to English Present Perfect tense: "The bells have just stopped ringing" => "Bon puzguzût__ûn__ nôlut". Marks an action that is finished just before the moment of speaking or is being finished at the moment. Opposite of //-îs//, may overlap with //-ûk//. | 
 +| -uth | Prospective/"Intentional" | be going to, be about to, will do smth. soon | To mark action that is only intended at the moment of speaking or described event (usually in the Past tense): "I was about to kill him" = "Dadoguzan__uth__".\\ May be replaced with:\\ \_\_\_\_a) verb "pant-" + main verb in infinitive, especially in combination with Perfective aspect and expressions like "going to finish (smth.)" (pant + INF + perfective aspect) and in Modern [[syntax_analytic|analytical language]]: "Dragon is going to completely destroy this city" = "Lûgum __pantâ__ shad__utûk__ goiza".\\ \_\_\_\_b) [[grammar_gerundive|gerundive]] in dependent clause with additional clarification that action will happen in near future: "I was going to kill him" = "Dakuz dog__at__an"\\ \\ Unlike other languages that have Prospective aspect (probably Persian), in Nûrlâm it usually carry a tone of intention. |
  
 Suffixes of aspect may also modify the meaning of the verb when translating into other languages, like "thak-" (look like), "thak-âzh-" (seem), "thak-ûk-" (appear). Thus they resemble English [[phrasal verbs]]. Suffixes of aspect may also modify the meaning of the verb when translating into other languages, like "thak-" (look like), "thak-âzh-" (seem), "thak-ûk-" (appear). Thus they resemble English [[phrasal verbs]].
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