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grammar_adverb [2021/09/07 21:30] – morgothgrammar_adverb [2023/10/02 14:34] (current) – [Grammar of adverbs] morgoth
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 ====== Grammar of adverbs ====== ====== Grammar of adverbs ======
 **//Adverb//** is the word that modifies a verb, adjective or other determiner, clause. Adverbs usually express location (place, space), time and frequency, manner and reason. **//Adverb//** is the word that modifies a verb, adjective or other determiner, clause. Adverbs usually express location (place, space), time and frequency, manner and reason.
-[[Nûrlâm]] has few adverbs in it's core dictionary. But they could be easily made from adjectives or other lexical categories by adding suffix **//-arz//** to the root of short adjectives, or replacing suffix //-ûrz// of long adjectives with //-arz//. For example, //hîs// (quick) becomes //hîsarz// (quickly) but //sîgûrz// (long) becomes //sîgarz// (for a long time). Please note, that adverbs in English often have the same form as adjectives (e.g. "quick" instead of "quickly"), but in Nûrlâm they should always have different form.+[[Nûrlâm]] has few adverbs in it's core dictionary. But they could be easily made from adjectives or other lexical categories by adding suffix **//-arz//** to the root of short adjectives, or replacing suffix //-ûrz// of long adjectives with //-arz//. For example, //hîs// (quick) becomes //hîsarz// (quickly) but //aktûrz// (accurate) becomes //aktarz// (accurately). Please note, that adverbs in English often have the same form as adjectives (e.g. "quick" instead of "quickly"), but in Nûrlâm they should always have different form.
  
-Adverbs have no agreement with verbs in grammar. The only grammar form adverbs have beside nominal is the comparative, which is made by adding suffix **//-ar//** (the same as [[grammar_adjective|adjectives]]) placed after suffix //-arz// if adverb has it or after the root for short adverbs. Example is //hîsarz__ar__// (= more quickly).+Adverbs have no agreement with verbs in grammar. The only grammar form adverbs have beside nominal is the //comparative//, which is made by adding suffix **//-ar//** (the same as [[grammar_adjective|adjectives]]) placed after suffix //-arz// if adverb has it or after the root for short adverbs. Example is //hîsarz__ar__// (= more quickly). Technically the //superlative// form with suffix **//-az//** is also possible: //hîsarz__az__// = in the fastest way (lit. "the most quickliest", but it is extremely rare in colloquial speech.
  
 For adverb's position in sentence (word order) see corresponding [[syntax_adverbials|article]] in [[Syntax]] chapter. For adverb's position in sentence (word order) see corresponding [[syntax_adverbials|article]] in [[Syntax]] chapter.
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 Some short adverbs are [[clitics|clitic]] attached to the verbs to express grammatical category of [[grammar_aspect|aspect]]. Some short adverbs are [[clitics|clitic]] attached to the verbs to express grammatical category of [[grammar_aspect|aspect]].
  
-Some adverbs (relative, interrogative, indefinite, quantifier) are similar to [[pronouns]] and conjugations, so may be confused with them. They are grouped together with some other words as [[proform|pro-forms]].+Some adverbs (relative, interrogative, indefinite, quantifier) are similar to [[pronouns]] and [[conjunctions]], so may be confused with them. They are grouped together with some other words as [[proform|pro-forms]].
  
 Some adverbs are similar to [[adpositions]] when take noun together into an adverbial phrase. For example "far away" (adverb) and "far from home" (adposition + noun + postposition). Some adverbs are similar to [[adpositions]] when take noun together into an adverbial phrase. For example "far away" (adverb) and "far from home" (adposition + noun + postposition).
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 Some adverbs are often used in [[syntax_impersonal|impersonal constructions]] "it's (adv.)" which usually change modality of phrase. They don't signal about any particular modality without additional words and previous statements.  Some adverbs are often used in [[syntax_impersonal|impersonal constructions]] "it's (adv.)" which usually change modality of phrase. They don't signal about any particular modality without additional words and previous statements. 
 Most of them may be replaced with verb "to be" + adjective or gerundive with adjectival meaning. Most of them may be replaced with verb "to be" + adjective or gerundive with adjectival meaning.
-<WRAP center round todo 60%> 
-<todo !!>add examples and substitutes</todo> 
-</WRAP> 
  
- +=== The list of adverbs with Necessitative and Desiderative meanings === 
-=== The list of adverbs with Necessitative meaning === +These adverbs are used together with [[grammar_gerundive|gerundives]] to express necessitative and desiderative [[grammar_mood|modalities]] -- order to 3rd person or wish to 3rd person to do something or event to happen. As [[modal_verbs|modal verb]] "must" (= "maug") is not used with such impersonal sentences, the whole phrase does not have much of obligation tone and information about issuer of command, but what and when to do is stated strictly.
-These adverbs are used together with gerundives to express necessitative modality - order to 3rd person to do something. As modal verb "must" (= "maug") is not used with such impersonal sentences, the whole phrase do not much of obligation tone and information about issuer of command, but what and when to do may be strictly stated.+
  
 ^ English   ^ Nûrlâm  ^ Example ^ Replacement ^ ^ English   ^ Nûrlâm  ^ Example ^ Replacement ^
-| desirable | ghîrarz | | | +| desirable | ghîrarz | __It's desirable__ for you to finish it by dawn => __Ghîrarz__ fizûr gorzatan ik ânsh | gerundive "ghîrat": Gorzutan ik ânsh (kulâ) ghîrat fizûr => To finish it by dawn is to be desired for you | 
-| important | hormarz | | adjective "horm": | +| important | hormarz | __It's important__ that he will know nothing => __Hormarz__ narîstat tazûr = (It's) important to be not known to him | adjective "horm": Narîstat tazûr kulâ horm => To be not known to him is important | 
-| necessary | bolkarz | | gerundive "bolkat", adjective "bolkûrz": |+| necessary | bolkarz | __It's necessary__ to destroy the ring => __Bolkarz__ shadat nazgum | gerundive "bolkat", adjective "bolkûrz":\\ Shadut nazgum kulâ bolkat => To destroy the ring is to be needed";\\ Shadurm nazgumob kulâ bolkûrz => The destruction of the ring is necessary |
  
-Together with verb "to be" in past tense ("kuz" = "it was") these adverbs indicate hypothetical or counterfactual modalities.+Together with verb "to be" in past tense ("kuz" = "it was") these adverbs indicate hypothetical or counterfactual modalities: It was necessary to destroy the ring (but now Gollum is the new Dark Lord) => Kuzâ bolkarz shadat nazgum (ap Gollum kulâ fîn Gothbûrz zil).
  
 === The list of adverbs used with various epistemic modalities === === The list of adverbs used with various epistemic modalities ===
 These adverbs are used together with various epistemic modalities (actions that may be): potential, dubitative, subjunctive, eventive, counterfactual and others.  These adverbs are used together with various epistemic modalities (actions that may be): potential, dubitative, subjunctive, eventive, counterfactual and others. 
-^ English ^ Nûrlâm ^ Example ^ Replacement ^ +^ English ^ Nûrlâm ^ Example ^ 
-| natural      | thangarz | | | +| natural      | thangarz | It's natural that elves and dwarves hate each other => Thangarz zamash golguhai agh gazathai mokû ûgh isk | 
-| probably, (im)possible, (un)likely | (nar-)falgarz | | adjective "falgûrz": | +| probably, (im)possible, (un)likely | (nar-)falgarz | It's probably a hobbits who stole the ring => Kudug orskuzû nazgum falgarz | 
-| strange      | râzarz | | | +| strange      | râzarz | It's strange that he didn't come => Râzarz zamash tanarskâtuz | 
-| unbelievable | narsambarz | | |+| unbelievable | narsambarz | It's unbelievable that he killed a dragon alone => Narsambarz zamash tadoguz ash lûg ashûkarz |
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