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conjunctions [2022/07/28 18:44] – [Adverbial conjunctions of several functions] morgothconjunctions [2025/10/11 17:39] (current) – [Cumulative conjunctions] morgoth
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 ====== Conjunctions ====== ====== Conjunctions ======
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 **//Conjunction//** is a part of speech that connects individual words, phrases, clauses and sentences. However other parts of speech such as [[adpositions]], [[proform|pro-forms]], [[grammar_adverb|adverbs]] (called conjunctive adverbs in that case) and even [[grammar_participle|participles]] and [[syntax_parenthesis|whole phrases]]) can carry the same function. For example Nûrlâm's "la" is a preposition in "Taskâtuz la ânsh" = "He came after the dawn", but is a conjunction in "Taskâtuz la ûzh tulguzâ" = "He came after the Sun rose". **//Conjunction//** is a part of speech that connects individual words, phrases, clauses and sentences. However other parts of speech such as [[adpositions]], [[proform|pro-forms]], [[grammar_adverb|adverbs]] (called conjunctive adverbs in that case) and even [[grammar_participle|participles]] and [[syntax_parenthesis|whole phrases]]) can carry the same function. For example Nûrlâm's "la" is a preposition in "Taskâtuz la ânsh" = "He came after the dawn", but is a conjunction in "Taskâtuz la ûzh tulguzâ" = "He came after the Sun rose".
  
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 | :::         | makarzar zîgob | expr | lit. "more of that" | They defeated hordes of orcs and **moreover** a Balrog => Takfaikuz hurm urukob agh **makarzar zîgob** ash Balrog | | :::         | makarzar zîgob | expr | lit. "more of that" | They defeated hordes of orcs and **moreover** a Balrog => Takfaikuz hurm urukob agh **makarzar zîgob** ash Balrog |
 | nor((without neither)) | agh ... nar | conj | lit. "and not" | Shagrat didn't kill a dragon, **nor** did Gorbag => Shagrat nardoguzâ ash lûg, **agh** Gorbag **nar**\\ //only if there was negation before// | | nor((without neither)) | agh ... nar | conj | lit. "and not" | Shagrat didn't kill a dragon, **nor** did Gorbag => Shagrat nardoguzâ ash lûg, **agh** Gorbag **nar**\\ //only if there was negation before// |
-| plus | gint | v | NL, imperative from verb "gint-" (to add, increase, append, join) < merging DS "gin" (new) with Qenya "yanta-" (to add to, enlarge, increase, augment) and with Gnomish "intha-" (to join to, add, increase, add to) and "gantha" (more) | This sword is sharp and light, **plus** it glows when orcs are nearby => Za lag kulâ maig agh sta, **gint** taghâzh amil uruk mush  |+| plus | gint | v | NL, imperative from verb "gint-" (to add, increase, append, join) < merging DS "gin" (new) with Qenya "yanta-" (to add to, enlarge, increase, augment) and with Gnomish "intha-" (to join to, add, increase, add to) and "gantha" (more) | This sword is sharp and light, **plus** it glows when orcs are nearby => Za lag kulâ maig agh sta, **gint** taghâzh amil uruk mushor  |
 | whereby | amasha | pro | NL, lit. "with which" < LOS "mash" (what?) and TK "sha" (together with) | Master made a law **whereby** it's forbidden to call him Sauron => Goth krampuzâ ash mogsh **amasha** bhaudaga bugdutan Sauron | | whereby | amasha | pro | NL, lit. "with which" < LOS "mash" (what?) and TK "sha" (together with) | Master made a law **whereby** it's forbidden to call him Sauron => Goth krampuzâ ash mogsh **amasha** bhaudaga bugdutan Sauron |
 * - at the end of the phrase * - at the end of the phrase
  
 ^ English ^ Nûrlâm ^ Part of speech ^ Etymology ^ Example ^ ^ English ^ Nûrlâm ^ Part of speech ^ Etymology ^ Example ^
-| along with (this) | shâs | conj | NL, literal translation < TK "sha" (together with) and LOS "as" (across, through) | Some men from the South fought **along with** the orcs => Mûd tark hardob maukuzû **shâs** uruk-hai |+| along with (this) | shaudh | conj | NL, literal translation, merging TK "sha" (together with) and HG "odh" (along[side]) | Some men from the South fought **along with** the orcs => Mûd tark hardob maukuzû **shaudh** uruk-hai |
 | as much ... as ... | zash mak ... zash ... | expr | literal translation | Take **as much** gold **as** you can carry! => Snab **zash mak** lûr **zash** gipâsh thragut! |  | as much ... as ... | zash mak ... zash ... | expr | literal translation | Take **as much** gold **as** you can carry! => Snab **zash mak** lûr **zash** gipâsh thragut! | 
 | both ... and ... | agh ... agh ... | conj | TK "agh" (and), lit. "and ... and ..." | **Both** Shagrat **and** Gorbag didn't want to serve their master => **Agh** Shagrat **agh** Gorbag narhizuzû bûrtut ash goth takob | | both ... and ... | agh ... agh ... | conj | TK "agh" (and), lit. "and ... and ..." | **Both** Shagrat **and** Gorbag didn't want to serve their master => **Agh** Shagrat **agh** Gorbag narhizuzû bûrtut ash goth takob |
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 | in place of | inor (...)ob | expr | NL, "in" (place) + "or" (in) + "ob" (of) | He put some garbage **in place of** treasure => Tagaithuz mûd glod **inor** mirn**ob**\\ //usually literally about place or location// | | in place of | inor (...)ob | expr | NL, "in" (place) + "or" (in) + "ob" (of) | He put some garbage **in place of** treasure => Tagaithuz mûd glod **inor** mirn**ob**\\ //usually literally about place or location// |
 | instead of | ::: | ::: | ::: | Shagrat will be on guard **instead of** Gorbag => Shagrat tudubâ **inor** Gorbag**ob** \\ //about people and their actions// | | instead of | ::: | ::: | ::: | Shagrat will be on guard **instead of** Gorbag => Shagrat tudubâ **inor** Gorbag**ob** \\ //about people and their actions// |
-| on the contrary | rambiskir | expr | NL, "on the other side" | Athelas didn't help his wounds, **on the contrary** it was poisonous to orc => Arnpâth narbhokuzâ tab rul, **rambiskir** ta kuz holmûrz urukûr |+| on the contrary | rambiskir | expr | NL, "on the other side" | Athelas didn't help his wounds, **on the contrary** it was poisonous to orc => Arnpâth narbhokuzâ tab rulûr, **rambiskir** ta kuz holmûrz urukûr |
 | on the other hand | nalgiskir | expr | NL, literal translation | I hate elves, **on the other hand** they are delicious => Damok golug-hai, dak thaikûrz **nalgiskir** | | on the other hand | nalgiskir | expr | NL, literal translation | I hate elves, **on the other hand** they are delicious => Damok golug-hai, dak thaikûrz **nalgiskir** |
  
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 ^ English ^ Nûrlâm ^ Part of speech ^ Etymology ^ Example ^ ^ English ^ Nûrlâm ^ Part of speech ^ Etymology ^ Example ^
-| for sure | rûzarz | adv | LOS "rûz" (sure) (adj) < HG | I will help you **for sure** => Dabhokubam **rûzarz** |+| for sure | rûzarz | adv | LOS "rûz" (sure) (adj) < HG | I will help you **for sure** => Dabhokub gizûr **rûzarz** |
 | :::       | durtarz | adv | LOS "durt" (adj) (sure, certain) | He was **for sure** strong => Takuz **durtarz** bolg | | :::       | durtarz | adv | LOS "durt" (adj) (sure, certain) | He was **for sure** strong => Takuz **durtarz** bolg |
 | in fact | kogurmirzi | expr | lit. "by fact" | Bilbo's ring was **in fact** Sauron's => Nazg Bilbob kuz Sauronob **kogurmirzi** | | in fact | kogurmirzi | expr | lit. "by fact" | Bilbo's ring was **in fact** Sauron's => Nazg Bilbob kuz Sauronob **kogurmirzi** |
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 | ::: | gorzarz | adv | DS "gorz-" (to end, finish) | I have **finally** won => Dafaikuz **gorzarz** | | ::: | gorzarz | adv | DS "gorz-" (to end, finish) | I have **finally** won => Dafaikuz **gorzarz** |
 | just | -îs | suffix, adv | NL < LOS "îs-" (to begin), clitic adverb of aspect | He have **just** came in => Tashiskuz**îs** | | just | -îs | suffix, adv | NL < LOS "îs-" (to begin), clitic adverb of aspect | He have **just** came in => Tashiskuz**îs** |
-| lately | ladarz | adv | HG "lad" (late) (adj) | **Lately** he is been avoiding people => **Ladarz** tanarl hai |+| lately | shiladil | adv | HG "lad" (late) (adj) | **Lately** he is been avoiding people => **Shiladil** tanarl hai | 
 +| ::: | shîlad | adv | ::: | => Tanarl hai **shîlad** |
 | once | nokh | adv | LOS < HG | Wormtongue was **once** a man of Rohan => Zomlâm kuz **nokh** ash nor Lûkhuzgob | | once | nokh | adv | LOS < HG | Wormtongue was **once** a man of Rohan => Zomlâm kuz **nokh** ash nor Lûkhuzgob |
 | :::  | asharz | adv, num | TK "ash" (one) | **Once** upon the time in Middle-Earth => **Asharz** Noduzgor | | :::  | asharz | adv, num | TK "ash" (one) | **Once** upon the time in Middle-Earth => **Asharz** Noduzgor |
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 | because | taitaga ...(-irzi) | pastp | lit. "caused (by)" < NL "tait-" (to cause) < Gnomish "caith" + Quenya "tyar-" < Etym. "KYAR" | He died **because of** your fault => Taghuruz **taitaga** saugfib**irzi** \\ //(mostly in expression "because of", when cause can be described in one word)//  | | because | taitaga ...(-irzi) | pastp | lit. "caused (by)" < NL "tait-" (to cause) < Gnomish "caith" + Quenya "tyar-" < Etym. "KYAR" | He died **because of** your fault => Taghuruz **taitaga** saugfib**irzi** \\ //(mostly in expression "because of", when cause can be described in one word)//  |
 | :::     | zîgah zamash | expr | lit. "from that that", "thence that" | People think I'm insane **because** I am frowning all the time => Hai îstû zamash da trîn **zîgâh zamash** dalork ilûk | | :::     | zîgah zamash | expr | lit. "from that that", "thence that" | People think I'm insane **because** I am frowning all the time => Hai îstû zamash da trîn **zîgâh zamash** dalork ilûk |
-| for | zârzamarz | conj | NL, "zârz" (so, thus, hereby) + "amarz" (how), lit. "thus is how" | Forgive me, father, **for** I have eat your breakfast => Gontiz, krank, **zârzamarz** dathrokhuz ashrokilfib | +| for | zârzamarz | conj | NL, "zârz" (so, thus, hereby) + "amarz" (how), lit. "thus is how" | Forgive me, father, **for** I have eat your breakfast => Gont dazûr, krank, **zârzamarz** dathrokhuz ashrokilfib | 
-| since | ghâr | prep, conj | HG < LOS "ghâra" | **Since** you are already here, help yourself! => Bhokîm **ghâr** gi(kul) zin dok |+| since | ghâr | prep, conj | HG < LOS "ghâra" | **Since** you are already here, help yourself! => Bhok îmûr **ghâr** gi(kul) zin dok |
 | why | (a)mûr | pro | NL | I don't **why** they have chosen this way => Danarîst **amûr** tak gobhuz za mûl | | why | (a)mûr | pro | NL | I don't **why** they have chosen this way => Danarîst **amûr** tak gobhuz za mûl |
  
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 | after all (this) | la (za) ûk | expr | lit. "after this all" | They had a victory **after all** the struggle => Takfaikuz **la** tadurm**ûk** | | after all (this) | la (za) ûk | expr | lit. "after this all" | They had a victory **after all** the struggle => Takfaikuz **la** tadurm**ûk** |
 | even if\\ even though | yal ghung | conj | lit. "even if" | I would not fight the Balrog **even if** you offer me all the money => Danartadulg Balrogum **yal ghung** fithrâhulgiz draugumûk | | even if\\ even though | yal ghung | conj | lit. "even if" | I would not fight the Balrog **even if** you offer me all the money => Danartadulg Balrogum **yal ghung** fithrâhulgiz draugumûk |
-| despite (the fact that),\\ in spite of,\\ regardless of that | narhonug zîgu | expr | lit. "not looking towards that" | Orodruin was erupting, **regardless of that fact** it was cold nearby => Urundûmp zgabuzâ, **narhonug zîgu** kuzâ grazarz mush | +| despite (the fact that),\\ in spite of,\\ regardless of that | narhonug zîgu | expr | lit. "not looking towards that" | Orodruin was erupting, **regardless of that fact** it was cold nearby => Urundûmp zgabuzâ, **narhonug zîgu** kuzâ grazarz mushor | 
 | with all (this) | zasha ûk | expr | lit. "with this all" | **With all** his rough speech, he is a nice person deeply in heart => **Zasha** lâmpîgtab**ûk**, ta kul shranîr nodor dhun | | with all (this) | zasha ûk | expr | lit. "with this all" | **With all** his rough speech, he is a nice person deeply in heart => **Zasha** lâmpîgtab**ûk**, ta kul shranîr nodor dhun |
  
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 | then (next in time) | la | adv | LOS | And **then** there was silence => Agh **la** kuzâ ghilurm | | then (next in time) | la | adv | LOS | And **then** there was silence => Agh **la** kuzâ ghilurm |
 | ::: | lârz | adv | LOS "la" + adverb ending "-arz" | And **then** there were none => Agh **lârz** nan irnuzû | | ::: | lârz | adv | LOS "la" + adverb ending "-arz" | And **then** there were none => Agh **lârz** nan irnuzû |
-| thence (time) | zîgilah | pro | lit. "from that time" | | +| thence (time) | zîgilah | pro | lit. "from that time" | They have returned a year **thence** => Tak kruskâtuz ash lau **zîgilah** | 
-| thence (place) | zîginah | pro | lit. "from that place" | | +| thence (place) | zîginah | pro | lit. "from that place" | They travelled to Misty Mountains and **thence** to Lothlórien => Tak haruz Rodu Hizgûrz agh **zîginah** Uzglûrzu | 
-| thence (consequence) | zîgah | pro | lit. "from that" | | +| thence (consequence) | zîgah | pro | lit. "from that" | You're lazy, **thence** I will not pay you => Gi frûz, **zîgah** danarbhagubaf | 
-| when | amil | pro | | | +| when (time) | amil | pro | SV "il" (time) | He was already dead **when** I came => Takuz gûrz dok **amil** daskâtuz | 
-| whence (time) | amilah | pro | lit. "from when" | | +| when (condition) | ::: | ::: | ::: | **When** in Mordor, do as the Uruk-hai do => **Amil** Uzgbûrzor, kramp oth Uruk-hai krampû | 
-| whence (place) | aminah | pro | lit. "from where" | | +| whence (place) | (a)minah | pro | lit. "from where" | **Whence** does he come? => **Minah** taskâtuz? | 
-| while | kusn | conj | SV | | +| whence (reason, cause) | zîgah | pro | lit. "from that" | This job is dangerous, **whence** the high reward => Za bul razgûrz, zîgah târ raunum | 
-| yet (time) | rad | adv | LOS ("now") | | +| while (time) | kusn | conj | SV | Everyone died **while** he was wandering => Ashûgh matuz **kusn** tagabuz | 
-| ::: | zilu | pro | lit. "to this time" | | +| while (contrast) | nân | conj | LOS < Quenya "nan" (but, on the contrary, on the other hand), "ono" | **While** Dark Lord is revered, he is not liked by the orcs => **Nân** Gothbûrz gorthâkâ, tanarkul brogbaga urukirzi | 
-| ::: | zizil | conj | lit. "until this time" | | +| yet (time) | rad | adv | LOS ("now") | The ring wasn't found **yet** => Nazgum nargimbâkuzâ **rad** | 
-| yet (contrast) | marzkon | pro | "however" | |+| ::: | zilu | pro | lit. "to this time" | Why the food is not here **yet**? => Mûr throk narkulâ zin **zilu**? | 
 +| ::: | zizil | conj, adv | lit. "until this time" | Orcs didn't conquer the world **yet** => Uruk-hai narpaikuzû thard **zizil** | 
 +| yet (contrast) | marzkon | pro | "however" | The wizard fell into the abyss **yet** survived => Saunorum lûmpuzâ skâmbumishi **marzkon** kibruzâ |
  
 ^ English ^ Nûrlâm ^ Part of speech ^ Etymology ^ Example ^ ^ English ^ Nûrlâm ^ Part of speech ^ Etymology ^ Example ^
-| as far as (time) | zash baubarz zash | conj | literal translation | | +| as far as (place) | ::: | ::: | ::: | Their land stretches **as far as** the sea => Uzg takob sîga **zash baubarz zash** kârshum | 
-| as far as (place) | ::: | ::: | ::: | | +| as far as (time) | zash baubarz zash | conj | literal translation | The war goes **as far** back **as** 2793 of the Third Age => Ghûthum ukhâ krut **zash baubarz zash** lau krul mink agh udug tusk agh krithnuk agh krig kûrmob krigûrz | 
-| as long as (time) | zash rodharz zash | conj | literal translation | | +| as far as (gradation, descriptive) | zash mak zash | lit. "as much as" | ::: | **As far as** I know, Balrogs do not have real wings => **Zash mak zash** da îst, Balrog narbrusû skoir kog | 
-| as long as (place) | ::: | ::: | ::: | |+| as far as (concerning, regarding) | zamash gus | conj | lit. "that about" | **As far as** I'm concerned, this plan is a mistake => **Zamash gus** da, (da ûs) za panturm kulâ ash saug | 
 +| as long as (time) | zash rodharz zash | conj | literal translation | You can stay at our home **as long as** you wish => Gipâsh irnut mokhor dakob **zash rodharz zash** gi irm | 
 +| so long as (place) | ::: | ::: | more like "so long as" | Grishnákh's arms are **so long as** he all => Bazg Grishnâkhob kulû **zash rodharz zash** ta ûk | 
 +| as long as (condition) | ghung | conj | lit. "if" | You are allowed to enter **as long as** you leave your weapon outside => Gidabhâk shiskut **ghung** girangub yak gib lûtor |
  
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 ===== See also ===== ===== See also =====
   * [[Adpositions]];   * [[Adpositions]];
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