Nûrlâm –
Black Speech
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black_speech_evolution [2021/07/10 00:09] – morgothblack_speech_evolution [2022/02/10 14:04] (current) – [Internal history of the Black Speech (fictional)] morgoth
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   * The verb have special form combining features of infinitive, participle and gerund.   * The verb have special form combining features of infinitive, participle and gerund.
  
-If the [[Alexandre Nemirovsky]]'s hypothesis about connection between Black Speech and Hurrian languages is right then we can assume following things to be typical for early Black Speech:+If the [[Alexandre Nemirovsky]]'s [[hurrian_hypothesis|hypothesis]] about connection between [[Black Speech]] and Hurrian languages is right then we can assume following things to be typical for early Black Speech:
   * Nouns and verbs have numerous grammar forms expressed by long chain of suffixes;   * Nouns and verbs have numerous grammar forms expressed by long chain of suffixes;
   * //Post//positions and case suffixes are used instead of prepositions;   * //Post//positions and case suffixes are used instead of prepositions;
-But the significant feature of Hurrian language is [[wp>Ergative–absolutive_language|Ergative]] alignment with SOV (Subject-Object-Verb) sentence structure, which has no evidence in known Tolkien's material. +But the significant feature of Hurrian language is [[wp>Ergative–absolutive_language|Ergative]] alignment with SOV (Subject--Object--Verb) sentence structure, which has no evidence in known Tolkien's material.
  
 [[Nûrlâm]] is considered to exist in time between Classical Black Speech and orcish dialects (Svartiska, Shadowlandian, etc.), and following changes occurred in it: [[Nûrlâm]] is considered to exist in time between Classical Black Speech and orcish dialects (Svartiska, Shadowlandian, etc.), and following changes occurred in it:
   * Restricting number of cases to 15 and make others standalone postpositions;   * Restricting number of cases to 15 and make others standalone postpositions;
   * Added prepositions and more prefixes.   * Added prepositions and more prefixes.
 +However some hypothetical features of Classical Black Speech are used for [[archaic style]] of Nûrlâm.
  
 Taking in account rules of other dialects, their real use and common mistakes, modern Black Speech has tendency to copy English grammar and syntax: Taking in account rules of other dialects, their real use and common mistakes, modern Black Speech has tendency to copy English grammar and syntax:
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   * Infinitives merged with gerundives taking suffix //-at//, they become used for 3rd person or even all verbs.   * Infinitives merged with gerundives taking suffix //-at//, they become used for 3rd person or even all verbs.
  
-Nûrlâm dialect supports these tendencies too but considering them as colloquial or dialectical.+Nûrlâm dialect supports these tendencies too but considers them as [[syntax_analytic|colloquial]] or dialectical.
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 | Number | no | no | for all verbs and 3rd person pronouns | all |||| | Number | no | no | for all verbs and 3rd person pronouns | all ||||
 | Declension classes | ? | 3 ((only for definite article)) | 2 |||| ? | | Declension classes | ? | 3 ((only for definite article)) | 2 |||| ? |
-| Cases | many | 8 | 14, accusative = nominative for nouns | 7 (3 – 4 in colloquial speech) | many or 6 (with accusative = nominative for nouns) depending on treatment | nominative, possessive and objective only for pronouns | no |+| Cases | many | 8 | 14, accusative = nominative for nouns | 7 (3 -- 4 in colloquial speech) | many or 6 (with accusative = nominative for nouns) depending on treatment | nominative, possessive and objective only for pronouns | no |
 | Postpositions | yes | yes | ~2/3 | few | yes | few | no | | Postpositions | yes | yes | ~2/3 | few | yes | few | no |
 | Prepositions | no | no | ~1/3 | yes | few | yes | yes | | Prepositions | no | no | ~1/3 | yes | few | yes | yes |
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