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--- adpositions [2023/09/07 19:38] – external edit 127.0.0.1
+++ adpositions [2025/10/11 17:35] (current) – [Standalone postpositions] morgoth
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 ===== Standalone postpositions ======
-Standalone postpositions are single syllable short words usually describing place or position in space. Some of them are used together with specific case expressed with clitic postpositions, thus requiring memorization. Many of these postpositions may be used as standalone adverbs.
+Standalone postpositions are single syllable short words usually describing place, [[syntax_direction|direction]] or position in space. Some of them are used together with specific case expressed with clitic postpositions, thus requiring memorization. Many of these postpositions may be used as standalone adverbs. But please not that many words for directions are actually nouns, so not listed here.
 ^ Postposition ^ Etymology ^ Grammatical\\ case ^ Translation ^ Example ^
-| as   | LOS                  | ACC  | across, through ((Nûrlâm suggests also "along", can be used as rare //Perlative// case)) | kârshum as = across the sea |
+| as   | LOS                  | ACC  | across, through | kârshum as = across the sea |
-| baub((also adjective with //-ûrz// suffix or adverb with //-arz// suffix)) | HORN | ABL  | far from | mokhbo baub = far from home |
 | bug((also used as adjective or adverb))  | MB, SV               | GEN  | opposite to (place),\\ against (place) | ûghob iskob bug = against each other |
-| dro((also used as prefix and adverb)) | NL < Gnomish "nodro" + LOS "ord" < HG | GEN | ahead (of),\\ forward | dakob dro = ahead of us |
 | ik   | LOS                  | GEN | before (place),\\ in front of ((Antessive case)) | hûmumob ik = in front of the gates |
 | it   | LOS                  | GEN | behind,\\ after (place)((Postelative, Postessive cases)) | pandumob it = behind the door |
 | kurn | LOS < Quenya "corna" | ACC  | around (place) | ghâshin kurn = around the bonfire |
-| lût  | LOS                  | GEN | outside (of);\\ for expressions "from outside", "to the outside" or "at outside" use Allative, Adessive or Ablative case  | goib lût = outside the city |
+| odh  | HG                   | ACC | along | mûlum odh = along the road |
-| mush | MB, SV               | ADE((for static position)) or ALL((for motion)) | next to, near, by (place)((Approximative case, Apudessive case for static position, Apudelative case for motion)) | sîrumir mush = near the river |
-| nâd  | NL < SV "nâdar" + Primitive Elvish "ndē̆" | INE or GEN | within (place), inside (of);\\ for expressions like "to the inside" and "from inside" use just Illative and Elative cases correspondingly | ambzab nâd = inside this room |
 | thu((also prefix)) | LOS (beyond) | ACC | over((Superlative/Superessive case)), beyond((duplicates Elative case)) | kaup thu = over the hills |
 | tuk  | LOS                  | INS | through((Prolative or Vialis case)) | taurzi tuk = through the forest |
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 ===== Overlaps with other lexical categories ======
-Beside the fact that some adpositions are used both as pre- and post-positions they may also be treated as other lexical categories. Usually the adpositions belonging to verbs are technically [[grammar_adverb|adverbs]] or //particles//, which also follow the words they describe similarly to postpositions, and some of them are attached to verbs as clitics or prefixes. Locative case postpositions and some standalone (like "ik" = before) form [[syntax_adverbials|adverbial phrases]] together with nouns. These word also may connect together two clauses with different verbs, thus becoming [[conjunctions]]. So it can be hard to distinguish adpositions from other lexical categories. Anyway adpositions are never used as stand-alone member of sentence, only together with other words. Some words may belong both to adverbs when used stand-alone, and to adpositions when noun is taken together to form adverbial phrase.
+Beside the fact that some adpositions are used both as pre- and post-positions they may also be treated as other lexical categories. Usually the adpositions belonging to verbs are technically [[grammar_adverb|adverbs]] or //particles//, which also follow the words they describe similarly to postpositions, and some of them are attached to verbs as clitics or prefixes. [[case_locative|Locative case postpositions]] and some standalone (like "ik" = before) form [[syntax_adverbials|adverbial phrases]] together with nouns. These words may also connect together two clauses with different verbs, thus becoming [[conjunctions]]. So it can be hard to distinguish adpositions from other lexical categories. Anyway adpositions are never used as stand-alone member of sentence, only together with other words. Some words may belong both to adverbs when used stand-alone, and to adpositions when noun is taken together to form adverbial phrase.
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Nûrlâm –Black Speech dialect wiki

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Nûrlâm –
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