Nûrlâm –
Black Speech
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adpositions [2021/10/28 15:04] – morgothadpositions [2025/10/11 17:35] (current) – [Standalone postpositions] morgoth
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-<todo>Examples needed</todo> 
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 ====== Adpositions ====== ====== Adpositions ======
 **//Adpositions//** is the term combining //prepositions// and //postpositions// as they play similar role in the sentence. English language has only prepositions, but in many Uralic languages there are mostly postpositions and very few prepositions. //Classical Black Speech// is considered similar to them in that feature, but //Debased Black Speech// is closer to English. [[Nûrlâm]] supposed to be in between these two opposite concepts of language.  **//Adpositions//** is the term combining //prepositions// and //postpositions// as they play similar role in the sentence. English language has only prepositions, but in many Uralic languages there are mostly postpositions and very few prepositions. //Classical Black Speech// is considered similar to them in that feature, but //Debased Black Speech// is closer to English. [[Nûrlâm]] supposed to be in between these two opposite concepts of language. 
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 ===== Standalone postpositions ====== ===== Standalone postpositions ======
-Standalone postpositions are single syllable short words usually describing place or position in space. Some of them are used together with specific case expressed with clitic postpositions, thus requiring memorization. Many of these postpositions may be used as standalone adverbs.+Standalone postpositions are single syllable short words usually describing place, [[syntax_direction|direction]] or position in space. Some of them are used together with specific case expressed with clitic postpositions, thus requiring memorization. Many of these postpositions may be used as standalone adverbs. But please not that many words for directions are actually nouns, so not listed here.
  
 ^ Postposition ^ Etymology ^ Grammatical\\ case ^ Translation ^ Example ^ ^ Postposition ^ Etymology ^ Grammatical\\ case ^ Translation ^ Example ^
-| as   | LOS                  | ACC  | across, through ((Nûrlâm suggests also "along", can be used as rare //Perlative// case)) | | +| as   | LOS                  | ACC  | across, through | kârshum as = across the sea | 
-| baub((also adjective with //-ûrz// suffix or adverb with //-arz// suffix)) | HORN | ABL  | far from | | +| bug((also used as adjective or adverb))  | MB, SV               | GEN  | opposite to (place),\\ against (place) | ûghob iskob bug = against each other | 
-| bug((also adjective or adverb))  | MB, SV               | GEN  | opposite to (place) |  | +| ik   | LOS                  | GEN | before (place),\\ in front of ((Antessive case)) | hûmumob ik = in front of the gates | 
-| ik   | LOS                  | GEN | before (place),\\ in front of ((Antessive case)) | | +| it   | LOS                  | GEN | behind,\\ after (place)((Postelative, Postessive cases)) | pandumob it = behind the door | 
-| it   | LOS                  | GEN | behind,\\ after (place)((Postelative, Postessive cases)) | | +| kurn | LOS < Quenya "corna" | ACC  | around (place) | ghâshin kurn = around the bonfire | 
-| kurn | LOS < Quenya "corna" | ACC  | around (place) | | +| odh  | HG                   | ACC | along | mûlum odh = along the road | 
-| lût  | LOS                  | GEN | outside (of);\\ for expressions "from outside", "to the outside" or "at outside" use Allative, Adessive or Ablative case  | | +| thu((also prefix)) | LOS (beyond) | ACC | over((Superlative/Superessive case)), beyond((duplicates Elative case)) | kaup thu = over the hills | 
-| mush | MB, SV               | ADE((for static position)) or ALL((for motion)) | next to, near, by (place)((Approximative case, Apudessive case for static position, Apudelative case for motion)) | | +| tuk  | LOS                  | INS | through((Prolative or Vialis case)) | taurzi tuk = through the forest |
-| nâd  | NL < SV "nâdar" + Primitive Elvish "ndē̆" | INE or GEN | within (place), inside (of);\\ for expressions like "to the inside" and "from inside" use just Illative and Elative cases correspondingly | | +
-| thu((also prefix)) | LOS (beyond) | ACC | over((Superlative/Superessive case)), beyond((duplicates Elative case)) | +
-| tuk  | LOS                  | INS | through((Prolative or Vialis case)) | |+
  
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 ^ Preposition ^ Etymology ^ Grammatical\\ case ^ Translation ^ Example ^ ^ Preposition ^ Etymology ^ Grammatical\\ case ^ Translation ^ Example ^
-| bug((also adverb))    | SV             | ACC  | against (someone) | | +| bug((also adverb))    | SV             | ACC  | against (someone) | bug tab mâgz = against his master | 
-| furn   | NL < Etym. "BORÓN" (to last, endure);\\ compare with Quenya "vor", "vora", "vorë", "voro", etc. | ACC  | for (time), (with)in (period of time), during | | +| furn   | NL < Etym. "BORÓN" (to last, endure);\\ compare with Quenya "vor", "vora", "vorë", "voro", etc. | ACC  | for (time), (with)in (period of time), during | furn krul shil = for two months,\\ furn hîrbum = during the winter| 
-| ghâr   | HORN < LOS "ghâra" | ACC  | since, from (only about time) |  | +| ghâr   | HORN < LOS "ghâra" | ACC  | since, from (only about time) | ghâr ârshik = since yesterday | 
-| gus    | MB             | ACC  | about (mention somebody or something) | | +| gus    | MB             | ACC  | about (mention somebody or something) | gus harg = about wolves | 
-| ik     | LOS            | ACC  | by (some time), before (time) | | +| ik     | LOS            | ACC  | by (some time), before (time) | ik ânshum = before the dawn | 
-| irg    | NL < SV, ZA "erg" (at, on) | ACC | on (time interval) | | +| irg    | NL < SV, ZA "erg" (at, on) | ACC | on (time interval) | irg birtârsh = on holidays | 
-| ithu   | NL, LOS "it" + LOS "thu" + HORN "izu" | GEN | beyond | | +| ithu   | NL, LOS "it" + LOS "thu" + HORN "izu" | GEN | beyond | ithu samdob = beyond sense | 
-| îzan   | NL "îz" + LOS "zan" | GEN | in the name of | | +| îzan   | NL "îz" + LOS "zan" | GEN | in the name of | îzan Morgothob = in the name of Morgoth | 
-| kurn   | LOS            | ACC  | around (time) | | +| kurn   | LOS            | ACC  | around (time) | kurn ârshnod = around noon | 
-| la     | LOS            | ACC  | after (time) | | +| la     | LOS            | ACC  | after (time) | la ashrokil = after lunch | 
-| lata   | EL, reverse of "tala" | ACC  | under, beneath, below | | +| lata   | EL, reverse of "tala" | ACC  | under, beneath, below | lata nûtum = under the sky | 
-| oth    | NL < Etym. "OS-" | ACC  | like | | +| oth    | NL < Etym. "OS-" | ACC  | like | oth ash bork = like an animal | 
-| shi    | LOS            | ACC  | at (exact time) | | +| shi    | LOS            | ACC  | at (exact time) | shi muth = at dusk | 
-| tala   | EL, probably from Etym. "TÂ, TAGH-" (high, lofty) or "TALAM" (floor, base) | ACC  | above, over, atop, on top of | | +| tala   | EL, probably from Etym. "TÂ, TAGH-" (high, lofty) or "TALAM" (floor, base) | ACC  | above, over, atop, on top of | tala kaz = above head | 
-| ugil((only in colloquial speech, "ik" is more preferable variant))   | SV             | ACC  | by (some time), before (time), prior to | | +| ugil((only in colloquial speech, "ik" is more preferable variant))   | SV  | ACC  | by (some time), before (time), prior to | ugil bhantab = prior to his leaving | 
-| ulmakh((more like adverb)) | SV             | ACC  | along, alongside | | +| ulmakh((more like adverb)) | SV             | ACC  | along, alongside | ulmakh mongum = along the road | 
-| zash((more like adjective)) | SV             | ESS  | same as, as … as …, so … as … | | +| zash((more like adjective)) | SV             | ESS  | same as, as … as …, so … as … | zash hîs tapsi = as fast as the rabbit | 
-| zi     | LOS            | ACC  | to (time), by (time), until | |+| zi     | LOS            | ACC  | to (time), by (time), until | zi mât = until death |
  
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 ===== Overlaps with other lexical categories ====== ===== Overlaps with other lexical categories ======
-Beside the fact that some adpositions are used both as pre- and post-positions they may also be treated as other lexical categories. Usually the adpositions belonging to verbs are technically [[grammar_adverb|adverbs]] or //particles//, which also follow the words they describe similarly to postpositions, and some of them are attached to verbs as clitics or prefixes. Locative case postpositions and some standalone (like "ik" = before) form [[syntax_adverbials|adverbial phrases]] together with nouns. These word also may connect together two clauses with different verbs, thus becoming [[conjunctions]]. So it can be hard to distinguish adpositions from other lexical categories. Anyway adpositions are never used as stand-alone member of sentence, only together with other words. Some words may belong both to adverbs when used stand-alone, and to adpositions when noun is taken together to form adverbial phrase.+Beside the fact that some adpositions are used both as pre- and post-positions they may also be treated as other lexical categories. Usually the adpositions belonging to verbs are technically [[grammar_adverb|adverbs]] or //particles//, which also follow the words they describe similarly to postpositions, and some of them are attached to verbs as clitics or prefixes. [[case_locative|Locative case postpositions]] and some standalone (like "ik" = before) form [[syntax_adverbials|adverbial phrases]] together with nouns. These words may also connect together two clauses with different verbs, thus becoming [[conjunctions]]. So it can be hard to distinguish adpositions from other lexical categories. Anyway adpositions are never used as stand-alone member of sentence, only together with other words. Some words may belong both to adverbs when used stand-alone, and to adpositions when noun is taken together to form adverbial phrase.
  
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