This page will contain list of function words that rarely used stand-alone but still have it's own meaning like adpositions, conjunctions, conjunctive adverbs, various clitic words. It also will contain some interjections.
English | Nûrlâm | Part of speech | Etymology | Comments |
---|---|---|---|---|
's | b | postp | EL “ob” | genitive case suffix after vowel |
's | ob | postp | EL | genitive case suffix |
's | ub | suffix | LOS < EL “-ob” (see corresponding article) | only in Colloquial speech; genitive case suffix used rarely with some pronouns instead of “-ob” |
(accusative case suffix) | ish | suffix | LOS “izish” (me) | Accusative / Objectve case suffix |
(accusative case suffix) | sh | suffix | LOS “izish” (me) | Accusative / Objectve case suffix after vowel |
(adverb suffix) | arz | suffix | LOS < SV similative case ending “-ârz” | 1) suffix for making adverbs from adjectives; replaces suffix “-ûrz” if it was present in initial adjective, added after otherwise; 2) makes pro-adverbs of reason from pronouns |
(do smth.) again; | kru | prefix | NL < LOS “krul” (“two”), “krut” (“back”, adv) | prefix of repeated action or fallback to previous state префикс повторного действия, возврата в предыдущее состояние, например в таких словах как “отвоевать”, “переделать”, “возвращаться”, “повторить” и т.п. |
(do smth.) back | kru | prefix | NL < LOS “krul” (“two”), “krut” (“back”, adv) | prefix of repeated action or fallback to previous state префикс повторного действия, возврата в предыдущее состояние, например в таких словах как “отвоевать”, “переделать”, “возвращаться”, “повторить” и т.п. |
(infinitive suffix) | ut | suffix | NL | |
(participle, infinitive or gerundive suffix) | at | suffix | TK, CBS, LOTR, RI | participle, infinitive or gerundive suffix |
(particularizing suffix/article) | um | suffix | TK, CBS, LOTR, RI | |
(past / perfect tense suffix) | uz | suffix | LOS | past/perfect tense suffix |
(prefix of undoing the action) | nan | prefix | NL < Quenya “nancar” (to undo) | prefix of cancelled action префикс отмены действия |
(present active participle suffix) | ug | suffix | TK, DBS, LOTR, PN “Radbug”, OC “pushdug” | |
(prospective aspect suffix) | uth | adv | NL < Gnomish “mu”, “mutha” (will, I am going to, I am about to) + LOS “gûth” (almost, nearly) | usually have a tone of intention; see also verb “pant-” |
(to the) inside | ishi | postp | TK, CBS, LOTR, RI; Quenya locative case ending “-ssë” | Illative case suffix. Motion inside place or object |
-forth | agh ir | conj | about location | |
-forth | agh la | conj | about time | |
-like | si | postp | NL < Quenya “sívë”, Sindarin “sui” | essive case suffix may be used to translate adjectives like “foolish”, “friendly” |
about | gus | prep | LOS < MB | mention somebody or something; use with objects in accusative case |
about | oth | adv | TK, AO, BOLT, PN “Othrod”; Etym. “OS-” (about, around); Sindarin “ost”, “os”, “oth” (fortress, city) | speculative translation |
about (time) | kurn | prep | LOS < Quenya “corna” (round, adj.) < Etym. “KOR” | use with objects in accusative case |
above | tala | prep | EL; ? probably from Etym. “TÂ, TAGH-” (high, lofty) or “TALAM” (floor, base) or “DAL” (flat) | use with objects in accusative case |
accordingly | mbursharz | adv | NL < LOS “mbursh” < MB | |
across | as | postp | LOS | use with object in accusative case |
after (place) | it | postp, adv | LOS | use with objects in genitive case |
after (time) | la | prep, adv | LOS | use with objects in accusative case |
after all (this) | la za ûk | expr | lit. “after this all” | |
after that | lazîg | adv | NL, see “la”, “zîg” | |
against | kau | conj, prep, prefix | HG (only as preposition) | |
against (someone) | bug | prep | SV | use with objects in Accusative case |
all the same | konarz | pro | NL, see “kon” and “arz” | |
almost | gûth | adv | LOS; see also “uth” | |
along | as | postp | NL < LOS “as” (across, through) | use with object in accusative case |
along | ulmakh | prep, adv | SV | not recommended, use “as” instead; use with objects in accusative case |
along with | shâs | conj | TK “sha” + LOS “as” | |
alongside | ulmakh | prep, adv | SV | not recommended, use “as” instead; use with objects in accusative case |
also | shazârz | conj, adv | NL, lit. “with this manner”, see “sha” and “zârz” | meanings “too” and “either” only in the end of the English phrase |
also | shuz | conj | NL < LOS “shum” (very much, too much) < MERP (big, great) < Albanian | meanings “too” and “either” only in the end of the English phrase |
although | nân | conj | LOS < Quenya “nan” (but, on the contrary, on the other hand), “ono” | introduces contrary ideas |
always | ilûk | pro | NL, see “il” and “ûk” | |
always | ok | adv | NL < HG “okû”; compare with NL “gok” (flat, even) | used as clitic adverb of aspect (habitual, iterative); gains meaning ”used to” (regular action in the past, not familiriaty with) only together with verb in past tense |
amidst | ri | postp | LOS | intrative case suffix |
among | ri | postp | LOS | intrative case suffix |
amongst | ri | postp | LOS | intrative case suffix |
and | agh | conj | TK, CBS, LOTR, RI; Urartian “aye”? | |
and after | agh ir | conj | about location | |
and after | agh la | conj | about time | |
and later | agh la | conj | about time | |
another | isk | pro | NL, merging Quenya “exë” + LOS “izg” (I) | used as part of other indefinite pronouns and adverbs |
another time | ilisk | pro | NL, see “il” and “isk” | |
anti- | kau | conj, prep, prefix | HG (only as preposition) | |
any | kon | pro | SV (anyone, anything, someone, anybody, somebody, somewhat) | used as part of some other indefinite pronouns; used only in declarative sentences, see “makon” for interrogative and dubitative modalities |
any people | haikon | pro | NL, see “hai”, “kon” | only in Colloquial speech; use unanimated “ashkon” in Standard Nûrlâm |
any? | makon | pro | NL, see “mash”, “kon” | only with interrogative (questions) and dubitative moods |
anybody | ashkon | pro | NL, see “ash”, “kon” | Colloquial language has distinct word for “anyone; anybody” (see “haikon”) |
anybody | haikon | pro | NL, see “hai”, “kon” | only in Colloquial speech; use unanimated “ashkon” in Standard Nûrlâm |
anybody else | haisk | pro | NL, see “hai”, “isk” | only in Colloquial speech; use unanimated “ashisk” in Standard Nûrlâm |
anyhow | konarz | pro | NL, see “kon” and “arz” | |
anymore | konarzar | pro | see “kon”; comparative form | usually with negation |
anyone | ashkon | pro | NL, see “ash”, “kon” | Colloquial language has distinct word for “anyone; anybody” (see “haikon”) |
anyone | haikon | pro | NL, see “hai”, “kon” | only in Colloquial speech; use unanimated “ashkon” in Standard Nûrlâm |
anyone else | haisk | pro | NL, see “hai”, “isk” | only in Colloquial speech; use unanimated “ashisk” in Standard Nûrlâm |
anything | ashkon | pro | NL, see “ash”, “kon” | Colloquial language has distinct word for “anyone; anybody” (see “haikon”) |
anything else | ashisk | pro | NL, see “ash”, “isk” | |
anytime | ilkon | pro | NL, see “il” and “kon” | |
anyway | arzkon | pro | NL, see “kon” and “arz” | |
anyway | konarz | pro | NL, see “kon” and “arz” | |
anywhere | inkon | pro | NL, see “in” and “kon” | |
apart (from) | rihikug | presp | NL, see “ri”, “hik” | |
around | oth | adv | TK, AO, BOLT, PN “Othrod”; Etym. “OS-” (about, around); Sindarin “ost”, “os”, “oth” (fortress, city) | speculative translation |
around (place) | kurn | postp | LOS < Quenya “corna” (round, adj.) < Etym. “KOR” | use with objects in accusative case; add suffix “-arz” to transform into adverb |
around (time) | kurn | prep | LOS < Quenya “corna” (round, adj.) < Etym. “KOR” | use with objects in accusative case |
as | oth | prep | TK, AO, BOLT, PN “Othrod”; Etym. “OS-” (about, around); Sindarin “ost”, “os”, “oth” (fortress, city) | speculative translation |
as (period of time) | kusn | conj, prep | LOS < SV or MB | use with objects in accusative case |
as (…) as (…) | zash (…) (…)si | expr | see “zash”, “si” | |
as (…) as (…) | zash (…) oth (…) | expr | see “zash”, “oth” | |
as (…) as (…) | zash (…) zash (…) | expr | see “zash” | |
as a | si | postp | NL < Quenya “sívë”, Sindarin “sui” | essive case suffix may be used to translate adjectives like “foolish”, “friendly” |
as far as | zash baubarz zash | expr | see “zash”, “baub” | |
as far as (smb. concerned) | zamash gus | expr | lit. “that about” | |
as far as (…) | zash mak (…) zash (…) | expr | see “zash”, “mak” | |
as for (smb./smth.) | zamash gus | expr | lit. “that about” | |
as if | ghungsi | conj | see “ghung”, “si” | |
as long as | zash rodharz zash | expr | see “zash”, “rodh” | |
as much (…) as (…) | zash mak (…) zash (…) | expr | see “zash”, “mak” | |
as soon as | zash uth zash | expr | see “zash”, “uth” | |
as the result | laskâturmsi | expr | NL < LOS “la” (after) + “skât-” (to come) + “si” (as) | |
as though | ghungsi | conj | see “ghung”, “si” | |
as well | shazârz | conj, adv | NL, lit. “with this manner”, see “sha” and “zârz” | meanings “too” and “either” only in the end of the English phrase |
aside | rihikug | presp | NL, see “ri”, “hik” | |
at | ir | postp | LOS | adessive case suffix; denotes static presence at/on surface; not about time |
at | or | postp | LOS | Inessive case suffix, static presence; only about space in Standard Nûrlâm; in colloquial speech preposition “shi” is used |
at | r | postp | LOS “ir”, “or” | adessive or inessive case suffix after vowel in colloquial speech; denotes static presence at or inside object |
at | shi | prep | LOS | only about exact time in Standard Nûrlâm, may refer to place in colloquial speech |
at | zir | postp | LOS “ir” | adessive case suffix after vowel; denotes static presence at/on surface |
at | zor | postp | LOS “or” | Inessive case suffix after vowel, static presence |
at last | gorzarz | adv | NL < DS “gorz-” (to end, finish) | |
atop | tala | prep | EL; ? probably from Etym. “TÂ, TAGH-” (high, lofty) or “TALAM” (floor, base) or “DAL” (flat) | use with objects in accusative case |
away from | bo | postp | LOS < HG | ablative case suffix; denotes motion from surface |
aye | akh | expr | LOS | literally means “agree”, used as equivalent of English affirmative response “yes” букв. “согласен” |
barely | âzh | adv | NL | clitic adverb of aspect |
be about to | uth | adv | NL < Gnomish “mu”, “mutha” (will, I am going to, I am about to) + LOS “gûth” (almost, nearly) | usually have a tone of intention; see also verb “pant-” |
be going to | uth | adv | NL < Gnomish “mu”, “mutha” (will, I am going to, I am about to) + LOS “gûth” (almost, nearly) | usually have a tone of intention; see also verb “pant-” |
because | taitaga | pastp | see “tait-” | past passive participle “caused” used in adjectival phrase, which is an archaic way to express; the subject of dependent clause becomes object in Instrumental case |
because | zîgah zamash | expr | see “zîgah”, “zamash” | inserted between result and the cause, when the result is presented before the cause; lit. “from that that” |
because of that | zîgûr | pro | NL < “zîg” + “ûr” (see corresponding articles) | lit. “for that” |
before (place) | ik | postp | LOS | use with objects in genitive case |
before (time) | ik | prep, conj | LOS | use with objects in accusative case; not used as standalone “before” (see “dok” instead) |
before (time) | ugil | prep | SV | use with objects in accusative case; only in colloquial speech, “ik” is more preferable variant |
before long | uth | adv | NL < Gnomish “mu”, “mutha” (will, I am going to, I am about to) + LOS “gûth” (almost, nearly) | usually have a tone of intention; see also verb “pant-” |
behind | it | postp, adv | LOS | use with objects in genitive case |
below | lata | prep | EL, the word “tala” reversed or Etym. “LAD”, “LAT” (flat) | use with objects in accusative case |
beneath | lata | prep | EL, the word “tala” reversed or Etym. “LAD”, “LAT” (flat) | use with objects in accusative case |
beside(s) | rihikug | presp | NL, see “ri”, “hik” | |
besides | rambarz | adv, conj | NL, literally “sidely”, see “ramb” (n) | with noun in genitive or ablative case |
between | ri | postp | LOS | intrative case suffix |
beyond | ithu | prep | NL, merging LOS “it” + LOS “thu” + HG “izu” | use with objects in genitive case |
beyond | thu | postp | LOS (beyond) | |
both | za agh zîg | expr | lit. “this and that” | used for answering alternative questions |
both | zîg agh isk | expr | lit. “that and another” | used for answering alternative questions |
both (…) and (…) | agh (…) agh (…) | expr | TK “agh” (and) | |
but | ap | conj | NL < Quenya “apa” | |
but | nân | conj | LOS < Quenya “nan” (but, on the contrary, on the other hand), “ono” | introduces contrary ideas |
but a | rihikug | presp | NL, see “ri”, “hik” | |
by | irzi | postp | LOS “irzi” (by) | instrumental case suffix |
by | rzi | postp | LOS “irzi” (by) | instrumental case suffix after vowel |
by (place) | as | postp | NL < LOS “as” (across, through) | use with object in accusative case |
by (some time) | ik | prep, conj | LOS | use with objects in accusative case; not used as standalone “before” (see “dok” instead) |
by (some time) | ugil | prep | SV | use with objects in accusative case; only in colloquial speech, “ik” is more preferable variant |
by (time) | zi | prep | LOS (“until”) | use with objects in accusative case or dependent clauses in past or future, but not present tense; with dependent clauses “amilu” is preferred используется с существительными в винительном падеже или подчинённым предложением в прошедшем или будущем времени, но без отрицательной частицы; с подчинёнными предложениями лучше использовать “amilu” |
by means of | irzi | postp | LOS “irzi” (by) | instrumental case suffix |
by means of | rzi | postp | LOS “irzi” (by) | instrumental case suffix after vowel |
by that | zîgarz | pro | NL < “zîg” + “arz” (see corresponding articles) | |
by that | zîgirzi | pro | see “zîg”, “irzi” | |
by the time (when) | ik ilum (amil) | expr | see “ik”, “il”, “amil” | |
by the way | iskri | conj, pro | see “isk”, “ri” | literally “between the other things” |
by the way | mush mûlu | expr | see “mush”, “mûl” | |
by the way | mûlarz | adv | see “mush”, “mûl” | literally “roadly” |
by this | zarzi | pro | see “za”, “irzi” | |
by use of | irzi | postp | LOS “irzi” (by) | instrumental case suffix |
by use of | rzi | postp | LOS “irzi” (by) | instrumental case suffix after vowel |
by which | amashirzi | pro, conj | NL, see “amash”, “irzi” | |
caused (by) | taitaga | pastp | see “tait-” | past passive participle “caused” used in adjectival phrase, which is an archaic way to express; the subject of dependent clause becomes object in Instrumental case |
certainly | durtarz | adv | see “durt” | |
certainly | rûzarz | adv | see “rûz” | |
chamber | amb | n | NL < Noldorin “thamb” (hall), Quenya “sambe” (room, chamber), Primitive Elvish “stambē”, “stabnē” < Etym. “STAB” | may be used in compond words, as a suffix, usually about some room, building or space (like -ry in “armory”, “cemetary”, “mortuary”) |
completely | ûk | adv | TK, CBS, LOTR, RI; ? Hurrian “-ok-” (fully, really) | clitic, aspect suffix |
concerning | gus | prep | LOS < MB | mention somebody or something; use with objects in accusative case |
concerning | zamash gus | expr | lit. “that about” | |
consequently | laskâturmsi | expr | NL < LOS “la” (after) + “skât-” (to come) + “si” (as) | |
considering that | ûstug zamash | expr | NL, see “ûst-”, “zamash” | |
considering this | ûstug za | expr | NL, see “ûst-”, “za” | |
counter- | kau | conj, prep, prefix | HG (only as preposition) | |
despite | narhonug (…)u (…) | expr | NL, see “nar”, “hon-”, “u” | |
despite | pûthug (…)u | expr | NL, see “pûth-”, “-u” | |
despite that | narhonug zîgu | expr | NL, see “nar”, “hon-”, “zîg”, “u” | |
dis- | nan | prefix | NL < Quenya “nancar” (to undo) | prefix of cancelled action префикс отмены действия |
dis- | ri | prefix | LOS “ri” (between) | used as prefix or suffix to modify meaning of verbs like “interrupt”, “interfere”, “prevent”, “disrupt” префикс прерванного действия в глаголах “вмешаться”, “прервать”, “предотвратить”, “перебивать” |
during | furn | prep | NL < Etym. “BORÓN” (to last, endure), compare with Quenya “vor”, “vora”, “vorë”, “voro”, etc. Similarity with English “for” is accidental | used with objects in accusative case только о времени |
during | kusn | conj, prep | LOS < SV or MB | use with objects in accusative case |
each | ûgh | pro | LOS < HG “ûgh-” (to suffice), probably from TK “-ûk” (completely, fully, totally) | used as part of other indefinite pronouns and adverbs |
either | ashkon | pro | NL, see “ash”, “kon” | Colloquial language has distinct word for “anyone; anybody” (see “haikon”) |
either | kon | pro | SV (anyone, anything, someone, anybody, somebody, somewhat) | used as part of some other indefinite pronouns; used only in declarative sentences, see “makon” for interrogative and dubitative modalities |
either | shuz | conj | NL < LOS “shum” (very much, too much) < MERP (big, great) < Albanian | meanings “too” and “either” only in the end of the English phrase |
either | ûgh | pro | LOS < HG “ûgh-” (to suffice), probably from TK “-ûk” (completely, fully, totally) | used as part of other indefinite pronouns and adverbs |
either (…) or (…) | ogh (…) ogh (…) | expr | LOS (SN) “ogh” (or) | |
else | arzisk | pro | NL, see “isk” and “arz” | used also as conjunction |
else | iskarz | pro | NL, see “isk” and “arz” | used also as conjunction |
else when | ilisk | pro | NL, see “il” and “isk” | |
elsewhen | ilisk | pro | NL, see “il” and “isk” | |
elsewhere | inisk | pro | NL, see “in” and “isk” | |
even | yal | conj | HG | only conjunction, not adjective with meanings “divisible by 2”, “equal”, “flat”, etc. |
even if | yal ghung | expr | see “yal” and “ghung” | |
even though | yal ghung | expr | see “yal” and “ghung” | |
ever? | milkon | pro | NL, see “mil”, “kon” | only with interrogative (questions) and dubitative moods |
every | ûgh | pro | LOS < HG “ûgh-” (to suffice), probably from TK “-ûk” (completely, fully, totally) | used as part of other indefinite pronouns and adverbs |
every time | ilûgh | pro | NL, see “il” and “ûgh” | |
every way | ûgharz | pro | NL, see “ûgh”, “arz” | |
everybody | ashûgh | pro | NL, see “ash”, “ûgh” | Colloquial language has distinct word for “everyone; everybody” (see “hai-ûgh”) |
everybody | hai-ûgh | pro | NL, see “hai”, “ûgh” | only in Colloquial speech; use unanimated “ashûgh” in Standard Nûrlâm |
everyone | ashûgh | pro | NL, see “ash”, “ûgh” | Colloquial language has distinct word for “everyone; everybody” (see “hai-ûgh”) |
everyone | hai-ûgh | pro | NL, see “hai”, “ûgh” | only in Colloquial speech; use unanimated “ashûgh” in Standard Nûrlâm |
everything | ashûgh | pro | NL, see “ash”, “ûgh” | Colloquial language has distinct word for “everyone; everybody” (see “hai-ûgh”) |
everyway | ûgharz | pro | NL, see “ûgh”, “arz” | |
everywhen | ilûgh | pro | NL, see “il” and “ûgh” | |
everywhere | inûgh | pro | NL, see “in” and “ûgh” | |
except | rihikug | presp | NL, see “ri”, “hik” | |
excluding | rihikug | presp | NL, see “ri”, “hik” | |
female | niz | n, suffix | NL < Quenya “nís” (noun “woman”) | “feminizer” suffix as “-ess” or “she-” |
few | mûd | pro | HG (“some”), probably from LOS, MB “mupsh” | used as part of other indefinite pronouns and adverbs |
finally | gorzarz | adv | NL < DS “gorz-” (to end, finish) | |
finally | ûk | adv | TK, CBS, LOTR, RI; ? Hurrian “-ok-” (fully, really) | clitic, aspect suffix |
folk | hai | suffix, n | TK, CBS, AO, LOTR, UT; ? Adûnaic suffix “-lâi” (folk) < Quenya “lië” (people), Sindarin “lî”, Early Noldorin “lhai” (folk, host, people) < Primitive Elvish “LΔ; compare also with Qenya “hos(se)”, Noldorin “hoth” (host, crowd) < Etym. “KHOTH” (to gather) | used in names of races as whole like “uruk-hai”, “olog-hai” etc., so may be analyzed either as suffix or as a compound word |
for | zûr | postp | EL “ûr” | dative case suffix after vowel |
for | ûr | postp | EL, probably from Quenya dative ending “ur” | dative case suffix |
for (reason) | zârzamarz | conj | see “zârz”, “amarz” | like in expression “for I have sinned” |
for (time) | furn | prep | NL < Etym. “BORÓN” (to last, endure), compare with Quenya “vor”, “vora”, “vorë”, “voro”, etc. Similarity with English “for” is accidental | used with objects in accusative case только о времени |
for any reason | konûr | pro | NL, see “kon” and “ûr” | |
for every reason | ûghûr | pro | NL, see “ûgh”, “ûr” | |
for no reason | narûr | pro | NL, see “nar” and “ûr” | |
for nothing | narûr | pro | NL, see “nar” and “ûr” | |
for sake (of) | ûrarz | adv | NL | with noun in genitive case |
for some reason | mûdûr | pro | NL, see “mûd”, “ûr” | |
for sure | durtarz | adv | see “durt” | |
for sure | rûzarz | adv | see “rûz” | |
for this (reason) | zazûr | pro | NL < “za” + “-zûr” (see corresponding articles) | |
fore- | bhû | prefix | HG | prefix of prepared action like in “predict”, “predestination” префикс заранее подготовленного действия, например “приготовить”, “предназначать” |
from | ghâr | prep | HG < LOS “ghâra” | only about time; use with objects in accusative case |
from (bottom to top) | ah | postp | NL < HG prefix “ah-” (he of, he from) | elative case suffix; denotes motion from inside |
from (bottom to top) | zah | postp | NL < HG prefix “ah-” (he of, he from) | elative case suffix after vowel; denotes motion from inside |
from (top to bottom) | bo | postp | LOS < HG | ablative case suffix; denotes motion from surface |
from inside | ah | postp | NL < HG prefix “ah-” (he of, he from) | elative case suffix; denotes motion from inside |
from inside | zah | postp | NL < HG prefix “ah-” (he of, he from) | elative case suffix after vowel; denotes motion from inside |
from now | zilah | pro | NL < “za” + “il” + “ah” (see corresponding articles) | only about time; in Modern analytical style should be replaced with “ghâr zil” |
from outside of | bo | postp | LOS < HG | ablative case suffix; denotes motion from surface |
from that | zîgah | pro | NL < “zîg” + “-ah” (see corresponding articles) | inserted between action and the result or consequences |
from that (place) | zîginah | pro | NL < “zîg” + “in” + “ah” (see corresponding articles) | only about location |
from that (time) | zîgilah | pro | NL < “zîg” + “in” + “ah” (see corresponding articles) | only about time; in Modern analytical style should be replaced with “lazil” or “ghâr zîgil” |
from there | zîginah | pro | NL < “zîg” + “in” + “ah” (see corresponding articles) | only about location |
from this | zazah | pro | NL < “za” + “-ah” (see corresponding articles) | inserted between action and the result or consequences; not about location |
from this place | zinah | pro | NL < “za” + “in” + “ah” (see corresponding articles) | only about direction |
from where | aminah | pro | NL, see “amin”, “ah” | 1) after location 2) between action and result 3) between reason and consequences |
fully | ûk | adv | TK, CBS, LOTR, RI; ? Hurrian “-ok-” (fully, really) | clitic, aspect suffix |
furthermore | makarzar zîgob | expr | see “mak”, “zîg”, “ob” | |
furthermore | zîgir | conj, pro | see “zîg”, “ir” | |
hardly | âzh | adv | NL | clitic adverb of aspect |
hence | zazah | pro | NL < “za” + “-ah” (see corresponding articles) | inserted between action and the result or consequences; not about location |
hence | zilah | pro | NL < “za” + “il” + “ah” (see corresponding articles) | only about time; in Modern analytical style should be replaced with “ghâr zil” |
hence | zinah | pro | NL < “za” + “in” + “ah” (see corresponding articles) | only about direction |
henceforth | zilah | pro | NL < “za” + “il” + “ah” (see corresponding articles) | only about time; in Modern analytical style should be replaced with “ghâr zil” |
her | an | pro | NL < Hurrian absolutive 3rd singular clitic “-n(na)” | Standard: any 3rd person singular objective enclitic pronoun; Colloquial: not used |
here | zin | pro | NL < “za” + “in” (see corresponding articles) | |
hereby | zarzi | pro | see “za”, “irzi” | |
hereby | zârz | pro | NL < “za” + “arz” (see corresponding articles) | |
herefore | zazûr | pro | NL < “za” + “-zûr” (see corresponding articles) | |
herefrom | zilah | pro | NL < “za” + “il” + “ah” (see corresponding articles) | only about time; in Modern analytical style should be replaced with “ghâr zil” |
hereto | zazu | pro | NL < “za” + “-u” (see corresponding articles) | addition to subject |
hereto | zilu | pro | NL, “zil” (now) + allative case suffix “-u” | only about time; in Modern analytical style should be replaced with “zizil” |
hereto | zinu | pro | NL < “za” + “in” + “u” (see corresponding articles) | only about direction |
herself | îm | pro | NL < Quenya “immo” | may be used as prefix “self-” |
him | an | pro | NL < Hurrian absolutive 3rd singular clitic “-n(na)” | Standard: any 3rd person singular objective enclitic pronoun; Colloquial: not used |
himself | îm | pro | NL < Quenya “immo” | may be used as prefix “self-” |
hither | zinu | pro | NL < “za” + “in” + “u” (see corresponding articles) | only about direction |
how | amarz | pro | NL, see “mash”, “arz” | only relative; see “marz” for question particle |
how many | amak | pro | NL < LOS “mash” + SV “mak” (see corresponding articles) | only relative; see “mamak” for interrogative counterpart |
how much | amak | pro | NL < LOS “mash” + SV “mak” (see corresponding articles) | only relative; see “mamak” for interrogative counterpart |
how? | marz | pro | NL, see “mash”, “arz” | only interrogative (in questions); see “amarz” for relative counterpart |
however | marzkon | pro | NL, see “marz”, “kon” | only with interrogative (questions) and dubitative moods |
however | nar mikarzar zîgob | expr | see individual words | lit. “not less of that” |
huh? | mar | expr | LOS (LUG) | in Standard Nûrlâm used as prefix of interrogative mood |
I daresay | dahûr gashnut | expr | NL, lit. “I dare to say”; see “da”, “hûr-”, “gashn-” | |
i.e. | zîg kulâ | expr | see “zîg”, “kul-” | |
id est | zîg kulâ | expr | see “zîg”, “kul-” | |
if | ghung | conj | LOS < SV < SV “ghug” (to be, live, exist) | |
if I were (smb./smth.) | dakulg (…)si | expr | NL, see “da”, “kul-”, “si”; 1SG=be-SJV (…)=ESS; | |
in | ishi | postp | TK, CBS, LOTR, RI; Quenya locative case ending “-ssë” | Illative case suffix. Motion inside place or object |
in | or | postp | LOS | Inessive case suffix, static presence; only about space in Standard Nûrlâm; in colloquial speech preposition “shi” is used |
in | r | postp | LOS “ir”, “or” | adessive or inessive case suffix after vowel in colloquial speech; denotes static presence at or inside object |
in | shi | postp | see “ishi” | Illative case suffix after vowel. Motion inside place, object or static presence inside one place |
in | shi | prep | LOS | only about exact time in Standard Nûrlâm, may refer to place in colloquial speech |
in | zor | postp | LOS “or” | Inessive case suffix after vowel, static presence |
in (period of time) | furn | prep | NL < Etym. “BORÓN” (to last, endure), compare with Quenya “vor”, “vora”, “vorë”, “voro”, etc. Similarity with English “for” is accidental | used with objects in accusative case только о времени |
in a long time | zi rodharz (ik) | expr | see “zi”, “rodh”, “ik” | about time |
in contrast | rambiskir | expr | NL, see “ramb”, “isk”, “ir” | lit. “on the other side” |
in front of | ik | postp | LOS | use with objects in genitive case |
in place of | inor (…)ob | expr | NL, see “in”, “or” and “ob” | |
in spite of | narhonug (…)u (…) | expr | NL, see “nar”, “hon-”, “u” | |
in spite of | pûthug (…)u | expr | NL, see “pûth-”, “-u” | |
in spite of that | narhonug zîgu | expr | NL, see “nar”, “hon-”, “zîg”, “u” | |
in that case | dai | conj | DS | |
in the end | gorzarz | adv | NL < DS “gorz-” (to end, finish) | |
in the meantime | shi zil | expr | see “shi”, “zil” | “at now” |
in the meantime | shi zîgil | expr | see “shi”, “zîg”, “il” | “at then” |
in the name of | îzan | prep | merging NL “îz” with LOS “zan” | use with objects in genitive case |
incidentally | mush mûlu | expr | see “mush”, “mûl” | |
incidentally | mûlarz | adv | see “mush”, “mûl” | literally “roadly” |
inside | nâd | adv | NL, merging MERP “nâdar” (amongst) < Albanian with Primitive Elvish “ndē̆” (inside) < Etym. (AC) “(N)DI”; see also “nod” | used only as standalone adverb; see “nâd” (n) for direction words |
inside | shi | postp | see “ishi” | Illative case suffix after vowel. Motion inside place, object or static presence inside one place |
insomuch | zamaku | pro | see “zamak” and “u” | to so much degree |
instead | sazgishi | adv | NL, see “sazg” and “ishi” | when “instead” is final in clause; not “instead of” (see “inor … ob”) |
instead of | inor (…)ob | expr | NL, see “in”, “or” and “ob” | |
inter- | ri | prefix | LOS “ri” (between) | used as prefix or suffix to modify meaning of verbs like “interrupt”, “interfere”, “prevent”, “disrupt” префикс прерванного действия в глаголах “вмешаться”, “прервать”, “предотвратить”, “перебивать” |
into | ishi | postp | TK, CBS, LOTR, RI; Quenya locative case ending “-ssë” | Illative case suffix. Motion inside place or object |
into | shi | postp | see “ishi” | Illative case suffix after vowel. Motion inside place, object or static presence inside one place |
inwards | ishi | postp | TK, CBS, LOTR, RI; Quenya locative case ending “-ssë” | Illative case suffix. Motion inside place or object |
inwards | shi | postp | see “ishi” | Illative case suffix after vowel. Motion inside place, object or static presence inside one place |
it | an | pro | NL < Hurrian absolutive 3rd singular clitic “-n(na)” | Standard: any 3rd person singular objective enclitic pronoun; Colloquial: not used |
it is not that | nar zîg zamash | expr | see individual words | |
it is not that (…) but (…) | nar kogarz (…) ap hîsarzar (…) | expr | see individual words | |
itself | îm | pro | NL < Quenya “immo” | may be used as prefix “self-” |
just | âzh | adv | NL | clitic adverb of aspect |
just a little | âzh | adv | NL | clitic adverb of aspect |
just as (…) so (…) | zash (…) zârz (…) | expr | see “zash”, “zârz” | |
just started | îs | adv | NL < LOS “îs-” (to begin) | clitic adverb of aspect; only about unfinished action |
lately | shiladil | adv, conj | see “shi”, “lad”, “il” | |
lately | shîlad | adv, conj | see “shi”, “lad”, “il” | |
later | la | prep, adv | LOS | use with objects in accusative case |
lightly | âzh | adv | NL | clitic adverb of aspect |
like | oth | prep | TK, AO, BOLT, PN “Othrod”; Etym. “OS-” (about, around); Sindarin “ost”, “os”, “oth” (fortress, city) | speculative translation |
like a | si | postp | NL < Quenya “sívë”, Sindarin “sui” | essive case suffix may be used to translate adjectives like “foolish”, “friendly” |
likewise | otharz | adv, conj | see “oth” | |
long before | zi rodharz (ik) | expr | see “zi”, “rodh”, “ik” | about time |
me | iz | pro | NL < LOS “-izg”, ZB “-ish” (1st person exclusive clitic pronoun in absolutive case) < Hurrian standalone 1st person singular pronoun “ishte”, DS “-(i)z” (1st singular person suffix) | Standard: 1st person singular objective enclitic pronoun; Colloquial: not used |
meanwhile | shi zil | expr | see “shi”, “zil” | “at now” |
meanwhile | shi zîgil | expr | see “shi”, “zîg”, “il” | “at then” |
moreover | makarzar zîgob | expr | see “mak”, “zîg”, “ob” | |
moreover | zîgir | conj, pro | see “zîg”, “ir” | |
myself | îm | pro | NL < Quenya “immo” | may be used as prefix “self-” |
nearly | gûth | adv | LOS; see also “uth” | |
nearly | âzh | adv | NL | clitic adverb of aspect |
neither | nar(…) (…) shuz | expr | NL, see “shuz”, “nar” | usually in answers like “Neither had I”, “Neither do I”, “Neither he was” etc. |
neither | shuz nar(…) | conj | NL, see “shuz”, “nar” | usually in answers like “Neither had I”, “Neither do I”, “Neither he was” etc. |
neither (in answers) | narash | pro | NL, see “nar” and “ash” | Colloquial speech has distinct word “narai” for “nobody” and “no one”. meaning “neither” only in answers with this one word (e.g. “Do you like apples or oranges?” - “Neither”) |
neither (…) | nar (…)ob | expr | see “nar”, “ob” | |
neither (…) nor (…) | nar (…) nar (…) | expr | see “nar” | |
never | naril | pro | NL, see “nar” and “il” | |
nevertheless | nar mikarzar zîgob | expr | see individual words | lit. “not less of that” |
next (time) | abarzar | adv | see “ab” | |
next (time) | shi ilab | expr | see “shi”, “il”, “ab” | |
next time | la | prep, adv | LOS | use with objects in accusative case |
no | nar | affix | AN < TK, DBS, LOTR (untranslated interjection of disagreement) | used as prefix or suffix like “non-”, “un-”, “-n't” |
no more than | nar makarzar (snû) | expr | see “nar”, “mak”, “snû” | |
no one | narai | pro | NL, see “nar” and “hai” | only in Colloquial speech |
no one | narash | pro | NL, see “nar” and “ash” | Colloquial speech has distinct word “narai” for “nobody” and “no one”. meaning “neither” only in answers with this one word (e.g. “Do you like apples or oranges?” - “Neither”) |
no sooner (…) than | naruthar (…) snû | expr | see “nar”, “uth”, “snû” | |
no way | nararz | pro | NL, see “nar” and “arz” | |
nobody | narai | pro | NL, see “nar” and “hai” | only in Colloquial speech |
nobody | narash | pro | NL, see “nar” and “ash” | Colloquial speech has distinct word “narai” for “nobody” and “no one”. meaning “neither” only in answers with this one word (e.g. “Do you like apples or oranges?” - “Neither”) |
none | nar | pro | NL < AN < TK, DBS, LOTR (untranslated interjection of disagreement) | may be used to make other indefinite pronouns and adverbs |
none | narash | pro | NL, see “nar” and “ash” | Colloquial speech has distinct word “narai” for “nobody” and “no one”. meaning “neither” only in answers with this one word (e.g. “Do you like apples or oranges?” - “Neither”) |
nonetheless | nar mikarzar zîgob | expr | see individual words | lit. “not less of that” |
nor | agh (…) nar | conj | see “agh”, “nar” | |
not | nar | affix | AN < TK, DBS, LOTR (untranslated interjection of disagreement) | used as prefix or suffix like “non-”, “un-”, “-n't” |
not (…) but rather (…) | nar (…) ap (…) hîsarzar | expr | see “nar”, “hîsarzar”, “ap” | |
not a single one | narash | pro | NL, see “nar” and “ash” | Colloquial speech has distinct word “narai” for “nobody” and “no one”. meaning “neither” only in answers with this one word (e.g. “Do you like apples or oranges?” - “Neither”) |
not exactly (…) but (…) | nar kogarz (…) ap hîsarzar (…) | expr | see individual words | |
not how | nararz | pro | NL, see “nar” and “arz” | |
not just (…) but (…) too | nar tug (…) ap (…) shuz | expr | see individual words | |
not much (…) as (…) | nar zamak (…) zîgmaksi (…) | expr | see individual words | lit. “not so much … as that much …” |
not only (…) but (also) (…) | nar tug (…) ap (shazârz) (…) | expr | see individual words | |
not only (…) but (…) too | nar tug (…) ap (…) shuz | expr | see individual words | |
not really (…) but (…) | nar kogarz (…) ap hîsarzar (…) | expr | see individual words | |
nothing | narash | pro | NL, see “nar” and “ash” | Colloquial speech has distinct word “narai” for “nobody” and “no one”. meaning “neither” only in answers with this one word (e.g. “Do you like apples or oranges?” - “Neither”) |
now | ad | adv | NL < LOS “rad” (now) | see “rad”, used only with verbs ending with several consonants |
now | zil | pro | NL < “za” + “il” (see corresponding articles) | |
now that | zil amil | expr | see “zil”, “mil” | |
nowhen | naril | pro | NL, see “nar” and “il” | |
nowhere | narin | pro | NL, see “nar” and “in” | |
of | b | postp | EL “ob” | genitive case suffix after vowel |
of | ob | postp | EL | genitive case suffix |
of | ub | suffix | LOS < EL “-ob” (see corresponding article) | only in Colloquial speech; genitive case suffix used rarely with some pronouns instead of “-ob” |
of course | durtarz | adv | see “durt” | |
off | bo | postp | LOS < HG | ablative case suffix; denotes motion from surface |
on | ir | postp | LOS | adessive case suffix; denotes static presence at/on surface; not about time |
on | r | postp | LOS “ir”, “or” | adessive or inessive case suffix after vowel in colloquial speech; denotes static presence at or inside object |
on | zir | postp | LOS “ir” | adessive case suffix after vowel; denotes static presence at/on surface |
on (time) | irg | prep | NL < SV, ZA “erg” (at, on) | when action (will) happen at certain time interval, but this interval is quite long (as Egnlish “on Monday”) в довольно продолжительный промежуток времени (напр. “в понедельник”); по каким-либо временным интервалам (“по вторникам”, “по утрам”) |
on (to continue) | agh la | conj | about time | |
on the contrary | rambiskir | expr | NL, see “ramb”, “isk”, “ir” | lit. “on the other side” |
on the other hand | nalgiskir | expr | NL, see “nalg”, “isk”, “ir” | |
on top of | ir | postp | LOS | adessive case suffix; denotes static presence at/on surface; not about time |
on top of | r | postp | LOS “ir”, “or” | adessive or inessive case suffix after vowel in colloquial speech; denotes static presence at or inside object |
on top of | tala | prep | EL; ? probably from Etym. “TÂ, TAGH-” (high, lofty) or “TALAM” (floor, base) or “DAL” (flat) | use with objects in accusative case |
on top of | zir | postp | LOS “ir” | adessive case suffix after vowel; denotes static presence at/on surface |
on top of that | zîgir | conj, pro | see “zîg”, “ir” | |
one | ash | # | TK, CBS, LOTR, RI; Hurrian “she”? | often used as indefinite article (a, an); as standard Nûrlâm lacks grammar category of number, it denotes singular, because nouns are plural by default |
onto | u | postp | TK, DBS, LOTR, OC; was used as preposition | allative case suffix |
onto | zu | postp | see “u” | allative case suffix after vowel |
opposite to (place) | bug | postp | MB, SV | more like adjective or adverb used together with objects in Allative case |
or | ogh | conj | LOS (SN) | |
other | isk | pro | NL, merging Quenya “exë” + LOS “izg” (I) | used as part of other indefinite pronouns and adverbs |
otherwise | arzisk | pro | NL, see “isk” and “arz” | used also as conjunction |
otherwise | iskarz | pro | NL, see “isk” and “arz” | used also as conjunction |
ourselves | îm | pro | NL < Quenya “immo” | may be used as prefix “self-” |
out | lût | adv | LOS (“out of”) | unlike LOS, used only as standalone adverb; for expressions “from outside”, “to the outside” see “lût” (n) or just use Ablative or Allative cases |
out of | ah | postp | NL < HG prefix “ah-” (he of, he from) | elative case suffix; denotes motion from inside |
out of | zah | postp | NL < HG prefix “ah-” (he of, he from) | elative case suffix after vowel; denotes motion from inside |
outside | lût | adv | LOS (“out of”) | unlike LOS, used only as standalone adverb; for expressions “from outside”, “to the outside” see “lût” (n) or just use Ablative or Allative cases |
over | tala | prep | EL; ? probably from Etym. “TÂ, TAGH-” (high, lofty) or “TALAM” (floor, base) or “DAL” (flat) | use with objects in accusative case |
over | thu | postp | LOS (beyond) | |
over here | zinu | pro | NL < “za” + “in” + “u” (see corresponding articles) | only about direction |
over there | zîginu | pro | NL < “zîg” + “in” + “-u” (see corresponding articles) | only about direction |
over- | thu | prefix | LOS (beyond) | enforcing particle усилительная частица |
partially | âzh | adv | NL | clitic adverb of aspect |
past | thu | postp | LOS (beyond) | |
past (place) | as | postp | LOS | use with object in accusative case |
people | hai | suffix, n | TK, CBS, AO, LOTR, UT; ? Adûnaic suffix “-lâi” (folk) < Quenya “lië” (people), Sindarin “lî”, Early Noldorin “lhai” (folk, host, people) < Primitive Elvish “LΔ; compare also with Qenya “hos(se)”, Noldorin “hoth” (host, crowd) < Etym. “KHOTH” (to gather) | used in names of races as whole like “uruk-hai”, “olog-hai” etc., so may be analyzed either as suffix or as a compound word |
pre- | bhû | prefix | HG | prefix of prepared action like in “predict”, “predestination” префикс заранее подготовленного действия, например “приготовить”, “предназначать” |
pre- | ri | prefix | LOS “ri” (between) | used as prefix or suffix to modify meaning of verbs like “interrupt”, “interfere”, “prevent”, “disrupt” префикс прерванного действия в глаголах “вмешаться”, “прервать”, “предотвратить”, “перебивать” |
precisely | aktarz | adv | NL < ULK “aktum” (accuracy; precision; marksmanship) | |
prior to | ik | prep, conj | LOS | use with objects in accusative case; not used as standalone “before” (see “dok” instead) |
prior to | ugil | prep | SV | use with objects in accusative case; only in colloquial speech, “ik” is more preferable variant |
race | hai | suffix, n | TK, CBS, AO, LOTR, UT; ? Adûnaic suffix “-lâi” (folk) < Quenya “lië” (people), Sindarin “lî”, Early Noldorin “lhai” (folk, host, people) < Primitive Elvish “LΔ; compare also with Qenya “hos(se)”, Noldorin “hoth” (host, crowd) < Etym. “KHOTH” (to gather) | used in names of races as whole like “uruk-hai”, “olog-hai” etc., so may be analyzed either as suffix or as a compound word |
rather | hîsarzar | adv | NL < LOS “hîs” (adj.) (fast, quick, swift, soon, rathe, etc.) + adverb suffix “-arz” + comparative suffix “-ar” | in expressions like “I'd rather…”; not with meanings “quite”, “enough” (“He is rather big”) |
rather (…) than (…) | hîsarzar (…) snû (…) | expr | see “hîsarzar”, “snû” | |
re- | kru | prefix | NL < LOS “krul” (“two”), “krut” (“back”, adv) | prefix of repeated action or fallback to previous state префикс повторного действия, возврата в предыдущее состояние, например в таких словах как “отвоевать”, “переделать”, “возвращаться”, “повторить” и т.п. |
recently | îs | adv | NL < LOS “îs-” (to begin) | clitic adverb of aspect; only about unfinished action |
regarding | gus | prep | LOS < MB | mention somebody or something; use with objects in accusative case |
regarding to | zamash gus | expr | lit. “that about” | |
regardless of | narhonug (…)u (…) | expr | NL, see “nar”, “hon-”, “u” | |
regardless of that | narhonug zîgu | expr | NL, see “nar”, “hon-”, “zîg”, “u” | |
regularly | ok | adv | NL < HG “okû”; compare with NL “gok” (flat, even) | used as clitic adverb of aspect (habitual, iterative); gains meaning ”used to” (regular action in the past, not familiriaty with) only together with verb in past tense |
respectively | mbursharz | adv | NL < LOS “mbursh” < MB | |
right? | mar | expr | LOS (LUG) | in Standard Nûrlâm used as prefix of interrogative mood |
room | amb | n | NL < Noldorin “thamb” (hall), Quenya “sambe” (room, chamber), Primitive Elvish “stambē”, “stabnē” < Etym. “STAB” | may be used in compond words, as a suffix, usually about some room, building or space (like -ry in “armory”, “cemetary”, “mortuary”) |
same as, as (…) as (…), so (…) as (…) | zash | prep | SV | use with objects in essive case |
save | rihikug | presp | NL, see “ri”, “hik” | |
self | îm | pro | NL < Quenya “immo” | may be used as prefix “self-” |
several | mûd | pro | HG (“some”), probably from LOS, MB “mupsh” | used as part of other indefinite pronouns and adverbs |
shall | ub | suffix | AN, probably from Quenya future tense suffix “-uva”, Old Sindarin “-ubā” (remote future suffix) | future tense suffix |
she- | niz | n, suffix | NL < Quenya “nís” (noun “woman”) | “feminizer” suffix as “-ess” or “she-” |
similar to | si | postp | NL < Quenya “sívë”, Sindarin “sui” | essive case suffix may be used to translate adjectives like “foolish”, “friendly” |
similarly | otharz | adv, conj | see “oth” | |
since | ghâr | prep | HG < LOS “ghâra” | only about time; use with objects in accusative case |
since (when) | amilah | pro | NL, see “amil”, “ah” | only about time; only relative; see “milah” for question particle; may be replaced with “ghâr” |
since then | zîgilah | pro | NL < “zîg” + “in” + “ah” (see corresponding articles) | only about time; in Modern analytical style should be replaced with “lazil” or “ghâr zîgil” |
since when? | milah | pro | NL, see “mil”, “ah” | only about time; only interrogative (in questions); see “amilah” for relative counterpart; in Modern analytical style should be replaced with “ghâr mil?” |
slightly | âzh | adv | NL | clitic adverb of aspect |
so | zarzi | pro | see “za”, “irzi” | |
so | zârz | pro | NL < “za” + “arz” (see corresponding articles) | |
so | zîgirzi | pro | see “zîg”, “irzi” | |
so (…) as (…) | zash (…) zash (…) | expr | see “zash” | |
so far | zilu | pro | NL, “zil” (now) + allative case suffix “-u” | only about time; in Modern analytical style should be replaced with “zizil” |
so long as | zash rodharz zash | expr | see “zash”, “rodh” | |
so many | zamak | pro | NL < “za” + “mak” (see corresponding articles) | |
so much | zamak | pro | NL < “za” + “mak” (see corresponding articles) | |
so that | zârz | pro | NL < “za” + “arz” (see corresponding articles) | |
so that | zârz zamash | expr | see “zârz”, “zamash” | analytical style |
so … as … | zash (…) (…)si | expr | see “zash”, “si” | |
so … as … | zash (…) oth (…) | expr | see “zash”, “oth” | |
some | mûd | pro | HG (“some”), probably from LOS, MB “mupsh” | used as part of other indefinite pronouns and adverbs |
some people | haimûd | pro | NL, see “hai”, “mûd” | only in Colloquial speech; use unanimated “ashmûd” in Standard Nûrlâm |
somebody | ashmûd | pro | NL, see “ash”, “mûd” | Colloquial language has distinct word for “someone; somebody” (see “haimûd”) |
somebody | haimûd | pro | NL, see “hai”, “mûd” | only in Colloquial speech; use unanimated “ashmûd” in Standard Nûrlâm |
somebody else | haisk | pro | NL, see “hai”, “isk” | only in Colloquial speech; use unanimated “ashisk” in Standard Nûrlâm |
somehow | mûdarz | pro | NL, see “mûd”, “arz” | |
someone | ashmûd | pro | NL, see “ash”, “mûd” | Colloquial language has distinct word for “someone; somebody” (see “haimûd”) |
someone | haimûd | pro | NL, see “hai”, “mûd” | only in Colloquial speech; use unanimated “ashmûd” in Standard Nûrlâm |
someone else | haisk | pro | NL, see “hai”, “isk” | only in Colloquial speech; use unanimated “ashisk” in Standard Nûrlâm |
something | ashmûd | pro | NL, see “ash”, “mûd” | Colloquial language has distinct word for “someone; somebody” (see “haimûd”) |
something else | ashisk | pro | NL, see “ash”, “isk” | |
sometimes | ilmûd | pro | NL, see “il” and “mûd” | |
somewhere | inmûd | pro | NL, see “in” and “mûd” | |
somewhy | mûdûr | pro | NL, see “mûd”, “ûr” | |
soon | uth | adv | NL < Gnomish “mu”, “mutha” (will, I am going to, I am about to) + LOS “gûth” (almost, nearly) | usually have a tone of intention; see also verb “pant-” |
sooner | hîsarzar | adv | NL < LOS “hîs” (adj.) (fast, quick, swift, soon, rathe, etc.) + adverb suffix “-arz” + comparative suffix “-ar” | in expressions like “I'd rather…”; not with meanings “quite”, “enough” (“He is rather big”) |
still | ad | adv | NL < LOS “rad” (now) | see “rad”, used only with verbs ending with several consonants |
still | zizil | conj | see “zi”, “zil” | about time |
subsequently | hîlarz | adv | NL, see “hîl-” | |
such | zâsh | pro, adj, conj | NL < “za” + “ash” (see corresponding articles) | |
surely | durtarz | adv | see “durt” | |
surely | rûzarz | adv | see “rûz” | |
than | snû | conj | LOS < MB | used with noun/pronouns in accusative case; the whole construction may be replaced with noun in genitive case |
that | zamash | conj | NL, see “za”, “mash”; compare with LOS “zamal” | relative “that” in complex sentences |
that | zîg | pro | LOS < HG < EL “za” (this) + NL “tîg” (there); see corresponding articles | |
that is | zîg kulâ | expr | see “zîg”, “kul-” | |
that is why | zîgûr | pro | NL < “zîg” + “ûr” (see corresponding articles) | lit. “for that” |
that manner | zîgirzi | pro | see “zîg”, “irzi” | |
that many | zîgmak | pro | NL < “zîg” + “mak” (see corresponding articles) | |
that much | zîgmak | pro | NL < “zîg” + “mak” (see corresponding articles) | |
that place | zîgin | pro | NL < “zîg” + “in” (see corresponding articles) | |
that time | zîgil | pro | NL < “za” + “il” (see corresponding articles) | only about time, not used in conditions (“if … then …”) |
that's why | zazah | pro | NL < “za” + “-ah” (see corresponding articles) | inserted between action and the result or consequences; not about location |
that's why | zîgûr | pro | NL < “zîg” + “ûr” (see corresponding articles) | lit. “for that” |
thee | am | pro | NL < Hurrian absolutive 2nd singular clitic “-m(ma)” | Standard: 2nd person singular objective enclitic pronoun; Colloquial: not used |
them | ul | pro | TK, CBS, LOTR, RI; ? Hurrian “-lla” | Objective case of 3rd person pronouns “tak”, “ulû” (they) |
themselves | îm | pro | NL < Quenya “immo” | may be used as prefix “self-” |
then | dai | conj | DS | |
then | la | prep, adv | LOS | use with objects in accusative case |
then | zîgil | pro | NL < “za” + “il” (see corresponding articles) | only about time, not used in conditions (“if … then …”) |
thence | zîgah | pro | NL < “zîg” + “-ah” (see corresponding articles) | inserted between action and the result or consequences |
thence | zîgilah | pro | NL < “zîg” + “in” + “ah” (see corresponding articles) | only about time; in Modern analytical style should be replaced with “lazil” or “ghâr zîgil” |
thence | zîginah | pro | NL < “zîg” + “in” + “ah” (see corresponding articles) | only about location |
thenceforth | zîgilah | pro | NL < “zîg” + “in” + “ah” (see corresponding articles) | only about time; in Modern analytical style should be replaced with “lazil” or “ghâr zîgil” |
thenceforward | zîgilah | pro | NL < “zîg” + “in” + “ah” (see corresponding articles) | only about time; in Modern analytical style should be replaced with “lazil” or “ghâr zîgil” |
there | zîgin | pro | NL < “zîg” + “in” (see corresponding articles) | |
thereafter | lazîg | adv | NL, see “la”, “zîg” | |
thereafter | zîgilah | pro | NL < “zîg” + “in” + “ah” (see corresponding articles) | only about time; in Modern analytical style should be replaced with “lazil” or “ghâr zîgil” |
thereby | zîgarz | pro | NL < “zîg” + “arz” (see corresponding articles) | |
thereby | zîgirzi | pro | see “zîg”, “irzi” | |
therefore | dai | conj | DS | |
therefore | zazah | pro | NL < “za” + “-ah” (see corresponding articles) | inserted between action and the result or consequences; not about location |
therefore | zîgah | pro | NL < “zîg” + “-ah” (see corresponding articles) | inserted between action and the result or consequences |
therefrom | zîginah | pro | NL < “zîg” + “in” + “ah” (see corresponding articles) | only about location |
thereto | zîginu | pro | NL < “zîg” + “in” + “-u” (see corresponding articles) | only about direction |
these | za | pro | EL, all major dialects; compare with Etym. “SI” | In Standard Nûrlâm means both “this” and “these”; in Colloquial speech means only “this”, see “zaz” for “these”; often used as definite article “the” |
these | zaz | pro | EL “za” (this) | only in Colloquial speech |
these (people) | zahai | pro | NL < “za” + “hai” (see corresponding articles) | only in Colloquial speech |
this | za | pro | EL, all major dialects; compare with Etym. “SI” | In Standard Nûrlâm means both “this” and “these”; in Colloquial speech means only “this”, see “zaz” for “these”; often used as definite article “the” |
this far | zinu | pro | NL < “za” + “in” + “u” (see corresponding articles) | only about direction |
this manner | zarzi | pro | see “za”, “irzi” | |
this manner | zârz | pro | NL < “za” + “arz” (see corresponding articles) | |
this place | zin | pro | NL < “za” + “in” (see corresponding articles) | |
this time | zil | pro | NL < “za” + “il” (see corresponding articles) | |
thither | zîgilu | pro | NL < “zîg” + “in” + “-u” (see corresponding articles) | only about time; in Modern analytical style should be replaced with “zi zîgil” or just “zi” |
thither | zîginu | pro | NL < “zîg” + “in” + “-u” (see corresponding articles) | only about direction |
those (people) | zîghai | pro | NL < “zîg” + “hai” (see corresponding articles) | only in Colloquial speech |
though | nar mikarzar zîgob | expr | see individual words | lit. “not less of that” |
though | nân | conj | LOS < Quenya “nan” (but, on the contrary, on the other hand), “ono” | introduces contrary ideas |
through | as | postp | LOS | use with object in accusative case |
through | tuk | postp | LOS | use with objects in instrumental case; may be replaced with just instrumental case |
through (use of) | irzi | postp | LOS “irzi” (by) | instrumental case suffix |
through (use of) | rzi | postp | LOS “irzi” (by) | instrumental case suffix after vowel |
thus | zarzi | pro | see “za”, “irzi” | |
thus | zârz | pro | NL < “za” + “arz” (see corresponding articles) | |
thus | zîgirzi | pro | see “zîg”, “irzi” | |
till | zi | prep | LOS (“until”) | use with objects in accusative case or dependent clauses in past or future, but not present tense; with dependent clauses “amilu” is preferred используется с существительными в винительном падеже или подчинённым предложением в прошедшем или будущем времени, но без отрицательной частицы; с подчинёнными предложениями лучше использовать “amilu” |
time | il | n | SV | often used as suffix to make indefinite and relative pro-adverbs of time |
to | u | postp | TK, DBS, LOTR, OC; was used as preposition | allative case suffix |
to | zu | postp | see “u” | allative case suffix after vowel |
to (somebody) | zûr | postp | EL “ûr” | dative case suffix after vowel |
to (somebody) | ûr | postp | EL, probably from Quenya dative ending “ur” | dative case suffix |
to (time) | zi | prep | LOS (“until”) | use with objects in accusative case or dependent clauses in past or future, but not present tense; with dependent clauses “amilu” is preferred используется с существительными в винительном падеже или подчинённым предложением в прошедшем или будущем времени, но без отрицательной частицы; с подчинёнными предложениями лучше использовать “amilu” |
to it | zazu | pro | NL < “za” + “-u” (see corresponding articles) | addition to subject |
to that (place) | zîginu | pro | NL < “zîg” + “in” + “-u” (see corresponding articles) | only about direction |
to that (time) | zîgilu | pro | NL < “zîg” + “in” + “-u” (see corresponding articles) | only about time; in Modern analytical style should be replaced with “zi zîgil” or just “zi” |
to there | zîginu | pro | NL < “zîg” + “in” + “-u” (see corresponding articles) | only about direction |
to this | zazu | pro | NL < “za” + “-u” (see corresponding articles) | addition to subject |
to this place | zinu | pro | NL < “za” + “in” + “u” (see corresponding articles) | only about direction |
to where | aminu | pro | NL, see “amin”, “-u” | only relative; see “minu” for question particle |
to where? | minu | pro | NL, see “amin”, “-u” | only about location; only interrogative (in questions); see “aminu” for relative counterpart |
together | sha | adv | TK, DBS, LOTR, OC, PE 17, VT 26 | refers to verb, may be written separately after verb or as clitic marker of cooperative voice |
together with | sha | postp, adv | TK, DBS, LOTR, OC, PE 17, VT 26 | Comitative case suffix; marks participants of collaborative action. |
too | shazârz | conj, adv | NL, lit. “with this manner”, see “sha” and “zârz” | meanings “too” and “either” only in the end of the English phrase |
too | shuz | conj | NL < LOS “shum” (very much, too much) < MERP (big, great) < Albanian | meanings “too” and “either” only in the end of the English phrase |
totally | ûk | adv | TK, CBS, LOTR, RI; ? Hurrian “-ok-” (fully, really) | clitic, aspect suffix |
towards | u | postp | TK, DBS, LOTR, OC; was used as preposition | allative case suffix |
towards | zu | postp | see “u” | allative case suffix after vowel |
tribe | hai | suffix, n | TK, CBS, AO, LOTR, UT; ? Adûnaic suffix “-lâi” (folk) < Quenya “lië” (people), Sindarin “lî”, Early Noldorin “lhai” (folk, host, people) < Primitive Elvish “LΔ; compare also with Qenya “hos(se)”, Noldorin “hoth” (host, crowd) < Etym. “KHOTH” (to gather) | used in names of races as whole like “uruk-hai”, “olog-hai” etc., so may be analyzed either as suffix or as a compound word |
un- | nan | prefix | NL < Quenya “nancar” (to undo) | prefix of cancelled action префикс отмены действия |
under | lata | prep | EL, the word “tala” reversed or Etym. “LAD”, “LAT” (flat) | use with objects in accusative case |
unless | ghung (…) nar (…) | expr | see “ghung”, “nar” | |
until | zi | prep | LOS (“until”) | use with objects in accusative case or dependent clauses in past or future, but not present tense; with dependent clauses “amilu” is preferred используется с существительными в винительном падеже или подчинённым предложением в прошедшем или будущем времени, но без отрицательной частицы; с подчинёнными предложениями лучше использовать “amilu” |
until (when) | amilu | pro | NL, see “mil”, “-u” | only about time; only relative; see “amilu” for question particle; may be replaced with “zi” |
until now | zilu | pro | NL, “zil” (now) + allative case suffix “-u” | only about time; in Modern analytical style should be replaced with “zizil” |
until now | zizil | conj | see “zi”, “zil” | about time |
until when? | milu | pro | NL, see “mil”, “-u” | only about time; only interrogative (in questions); see “amilu” for relative counterpart; in Modern analytical style should be replaced with “zi mil?” |
up the (…) | tala | prep | EL; ? probably from Etym. “TÂ, TAGH-” (high, lofty) or “TALAM” (floor, base) or “DAL” (flat) | use with objects in accusative case |
upon | u | postp | TK, DBS, LOTR, OC; was used as preposition | allative case suffix |
upon | zu | postp | see “u” | allative case suffix after vowel |
us | ak | pro | NL < ZB “-ak” (1st person inclusive clitic pronoun in absolutive case) | 1st person plural objective enclitic pronoun, only in Standard language |
used to | ok | adv | NL < HG “okû”; compare with NL “gok” (flat, even) | used as clitic adverb of aspect (habitual, iterative); gains meaning ”used to” (regular action in the past, not familiriaty with) only together with verb in past tense |
using | irzi | postp | LOS “irzi” (by) | instrumental case suffix |
using | rzi | postp | LOS “irzi” (by) | instrumental case suffix after vowel |
usually | ok | adv | NL < HG “okû”; compare with NL “gok” (flat, even) | used as clitic adverb of aspect (habitual, iterative); gains meaning ”used to” (regular action in the past, not familiriaty with) only together with verb in past tense |
versus | bug | prep | SV | use with objects in Accusative case |
via | irzi | postp | LOS “irzi” (by) | instrumental case suffix |
via | rzi | postp | LOS “irzi” (by) | instrumental case suffix after vowel |
vice versa | rambiskir | expr | NL, see “ramb”, “isk”, “ir” | lit. “on the other side” |
what | amash | pro | LOS (“what”) < EL “amal”/”mal” (where) + TK “ash” | only relative pronoun; see “mash” for question particle |
what for? | mûr | pro | NL, see “mash”, “ûr” | only interrogative (in questions); see “amûr” for relative counterpart |
what's up? | mar | expr | LOS (LUG) | in Standard Nûrlâm used as prefix of interrogative mood |
what? | mash | pro | LOS (“what?”) < EL “amal”/”mal” (where) + TK “ash” | only interrogative pronoun (in questions); see “amash” for relative counterpart |
whatever | mashkon | pro | NL, see “mash”, “kon” | only with interrogative (questions) and dubitative moods |
when | amil | pro | NL, see “mash”, “il” | only relative; see “mil” for question particle |
when? | mil | pro | NL, see “mash”, “il” | only interrogative (in questions); see “amil” for relative counterpart |
whence | aminah | pro | NL, see “amin”, “ah” | 1) after location 2) between action and result 3) between reason and consequences |
whence | zîgah | pro | NL < “zîg” + “-ah” (see corresponding articles) | inserted between action and the result or consequences |
whence? | minah | pro | NL, see “mash”, “in”, “ah” | only about location; only interrogative (in questions); see “aminah” for relative counterpart |
whenever | milkon | pro | NL, see “mil”, “kon” | only with interrogative (questions) and dubitative moods |
where | amin | pro | NL, see “mash”, “in” | only relative; see “min” for question particle |
where from? | minah | pro | NL, see “mash”, “in”, “ah” | only about location; only interrogative (in questions); see “aminah” for relative counterpart |
where? | min | pro | NL, see “mash”, “in” | only interrogative (in questions); see “amin” for relative counterpart |
whereas | zasha hugor | expr | NL, see “za”, “sha”, “hug”, “or” | |
whereas | ûstug za | expr | NL, see “ûst-”, “za” | |
whereas | ûstug zamash | expr | NL, see “ûst-”, “zamash” | |
whereby | amasha | pro, conj | NL, see “amash”, “sha” | |
whereby | amashirzi | pro, conj | NL, see “amash”, “irzi” | |
wherefore | amûr | pro | NL, see “mash”, “ûr” | only relative; “mûr” for question particle |
whereto | aminu | pro | NL, see “amin”, “-u” | only relative; see “minu” for question particle |
wherever | minkon | pro | NL, see “min”, “kon” | only with interrogative (questions) and dubitative moods |
whether | maikon | pro | NL, see “mai”, “kon” | only in Colloquial speech; only with interrogative (questions) and dubitative moods |
whether | makon | pro | NL, see “mash”, “kon” | only with interrogative (questions) and dubitative moods |
whether | mashkon | pro | NL, see “mash”, “kon” | only with interrogative (questions) and dubitative moods |
whether (…) or (…) | makon (…) ogh (…) | expr | see “makon”, “ogh” | |
whether (…) or (…) | mashkon (…) ogh (…) | expr | see “makon”, “ogh” | |
whether (…) or (…) | ogh (…) ogh (…) | expr | LOS (SN) “ogh” (or) | |
which | amai | pro | NL < LOS “mash” + TK “hai” (see corresponding articles) | only in colloquial speeh; only relative pronoun; see “mai” for question particle |
which | amash | pro | LOS (“what”) < EL “amal”/”mal” (where) + TK “ash” | only relative pronoun; see “mash” for question particle |
which? | mai | pro | NL < LOS “mash” + TK “hai” (see corresponding articles) | only in colloquial speeh; only interrogative pronoun (in questions); see “amai” for relative counterpart |
which? | mash | pro | LOS (“what?”) < EL “amal”/”mal” (where) + TK “ash” | only interrogative pronoun (in questions); see “amash” for relative counterpart |
whichever | maikon | pro | NL, see “mai”, “kon” | only in Colloquial speech; only with interrogative (questions) and dubitative moods |
whichever | mashkon | pro | NL, see “mash”, “kon” | only with interrogative (questions) and dubitative moods |
while | kusn | conj, prep | LOS < SV or MB | use with objects in accusative case |
while | nân | conj | LOS < Quenya “nan” (but, on the contrary, on the other hand), “ono” | introduces contrary ideas |
whither | aminu | pro | NL, see “amin”, “-u” | only relative; see “minu” for question particle |
whither? | minu | pro | NL, see “amin”, “-u” | only about location; only interrogative (in questions); see “aminu” for relative counterpart |
who | amai | pro | NL < LOS “mash” + TK “hai” (see corresponding articles) | only in colloquial speeh; only relative pronoun; see “mai” for question particle |
who | amash | pro | LOS (“what”) < EL “amal”/”mal” (where) + TK “ash” | only relative pronoun; see “mash” for question particle |
who? | mai | pro | NL < LOS “mash” + TK “hai” (see corresponding articles) | only in colloquial speeh; only interrogative pronoun (in questions); see “amai” for relative counterpart |
who? | mash | pro | LOS (“what?”) < EL “amal”/”mal” (where) + TK “ash” | only interrogative pronoun (in questions); see “amash” for relative counterpart |
whoever | maikon | pro | NL, see “mai”, “kon” | only in Colloquial speech; only with interrogative (questions) and dubitative moods |
wholly | ûk | adv | TK, CBS, LOTR, RI; ? Hurrian “-ok-” (fully, really) | clitic, aspect suffix |
why | amûr | pro | NL, see “mash”, “ûr” | only relative; “mûr” for question particle |
why else | iskûr | pro | NL, see “isk” and “ûr” | |
why ever | mûrkon | pro | NL, see “mûr”, “kon” | only with interrogative (questions) and dubitative moods |
why? | mûr | pro | NL, see “mash”, “ûr” | only interrogative (in questions); see “amûr” for relative counterpart |
will | ub | suffix | AN, probably from Quenya future tense suffix “-uva”, Old Sindarin “-ubā” (remote future suffix) | future tense suffix |
will (do smth.) soon | uth | adv | NL < Gnomish “mu”, “mutha” (will, I am going to, I am about to) + LOS “gûth” (almost, nearly) | usually have a tone of intention; see also verb “pant-” |
with | sha | postp, adv | TK, DBS, LOTR, OC, PE 17, VT 26 | Comitative case suffix; marks participants of collaborative action. |
with this in mind | zasha hugor | expr | NL, see “za”, “sha”, “hug”, “or” | |
with use of | irzi | postp | LOS “irzi” (by) | instrumental case suffix |
with use of | rzi | postp | LOS “irzi” (by) | instrumental case suffix after vowel |
with which | amasha | pro, conj | NL, see “amash”, “sha” | |
within | ishi | postp | TK, CBS, LOTR, RI; Quenya locative case ending “-ssë” | Illative case suffix. Motion inside place or object |
within | shi | postp | see “ishi” | Illative case suffix after vowel. Motion inside place, object or static presence inside one place |
within (place) | nâd | adv | NL, merging MERP “nâdar” (amongst) < Albanian with Primitive Elvish “ndē̆” (inside) < Etym. (AC) “(N)DI”; see also “nod” | used only as standalone adverb; see “nâd” (n) for direction words |
within (time) | furn | prep | NL < Etym. “BORÓN” (to last, endure), compare with Quenya “vor”, “vora”, “vorë”, “voro”, etc. Similarity with English “for” is accidental | used with objects in accusative case только о времени |
without | shanar | postp | see “sha”, “nar” | only in analytical forms |
woman | niz | n, suffix | NL < Quenya “nís” (noun “woman”) | “feminizer” suffix as “-ess” or “she-” |
yep | akh | expr | LOS | literally means “agree”, used as equivalent of English affirmative response “yes” букв. “согласен” |
yes | akh | expr | LOS | literally means “agree”, used as equivalent of English affirmative response “yes” букв. “согласен” |
yet | ad | adv | NL < LOS “rad” (now) | see “rad”, used only with verbs ending with several consonants |
yet | marzkon | pro | NL, see “marz”, “kon” | only with interrogative (questions) and dubitative moods |
yet | nar mikarzar zîgob | expr | see individual words | lit. “not less of that” |
yet | zilu | pro | NL, “zil” (now) + allative case suffix “-u” | only about time; in Modern analytical style should be replaced with “zizil” |
yet | zizil | conj | see “zi”, “zil” | about time |
you | af | pro | NL < Hurrian absolutive 2nd plural clitic “-f(fa)” | 2nd person plural objective enclitic pronoun, only in Standard language |
you | am | pro | NL < Hurrian absolutive 2nd singular clitic “-m(ma)” | Standard: 2nd person singular objective enclitic pronoun; Colloquial: not used |
yourself | îm | pro | NL < Quenya “immo” | may be used as prefix “self-” |