Position | Meaning | ||
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Standard | Modern/colloquial speech | ||
-4 | person (subject/agent pronoun) (da-, fi-, ta-) | ∅ (written standalone) |
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-3 | negation (nar-) |
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-2 | interrogative mood (mar-) |
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-1 | derivational prefix (kru-, ri-, thu-) |
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0 | root | ||
1 | passive voice marker (-âk) | suffixes of nonfinite forms (infinitive or participles: -at, -ut, -ag, -uga, etc.) | suffixes of nonfinite forms (infinitive or participles: -at, -ut, -ag, -uga, etc.) (replace other grammatical categories in positions 1 and 2 with copula + verb or participle) |
2 | tense (-ub, -uz) |
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subjunctive mood (-ulg) |
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3 | number/3rd person clitic1) (-â, -û) | number of participle (-û, -z) |
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3a | auxiliary suffix -t- (used only between positions 2 and 3, 2 and 4, 2 and 5; absent if position 2 is final) |
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4 | object pronoun2) | object pronoun3) | |
reflexive pronoun (-îm) | ∅ (written standalone) |
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cooperative marker (-sha)4) | ∅ (written standalone) |
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5 | derivational suffix (extremely rare, usually some clitic adverb or adposition) | ∅ | |
6 | aspect (clitic adverb: -ûk, -ok, -âzh) | ∅ (written standalone, -ûk is still used sometimes) |