====== Verbs: past tense. More adverbs ======
It's hard to express thoughts using only [[lessons:verbs_1|present tense]] of the verbs. You need past tense to talk about things that already happened. To put the verb into the past tense, the suffix **//-uz-//** should be inserted between word's root and 3rd person ending. For example:
^ Verb form ^ English ^ Nûrlâm ^
^ Imperative | Come! | Skât! |
^ Present | An orc is coming | Ash uruk skat//â// |
^ Past | An orc came | Ash uruk skat**__uz__**//â// |
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===== New words =====
* ak (to stab)
* farb (to chase, hunt)
* ghur (to die)
* grush (to hit, strike, punch)
* kramp (to do, make)
* lal (to laugh)
* lûmp (to fall)
* rong (to dig)
* ronk (pit, pool)
Some adverbs may be helpful in describing the past:
* dok (already, before, previously)
* nokhar (again)
* ûn (new) => ûnarz (just, recently)
Past tense in Nûrlâm also substitutes English Present Perfect tense (actions that already happened but in the still lasting time interval). Example: "The dwarf has just fallen" should be translated as "Gazatum lûmp**__uz__**â ûnarz" (you don't translate "have/has").
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===== Exercise 1 =====
Translate into Nûrlâm:
- demons made some sorcery again
- filthy dwarves heard this
- four dragons escaped
- orcs hunted the elves
- shit stank
- the bee made a new pile
- the pain stopped
- the slayer stabbed the slave
- the strong warrior stroke the fat troll
- this human already died
- rog krampuzû mûd dush nokhar
- dug gazat khlâruzû za / gazat dug khlâruzû za
- hant lûg irzuzû
- uruk farbuzû za golug
- push pushduzâ
- noim krampuzâ ash ûn tub / noim krampuzâ ash tubûn
- hrizgum puzguzâ
- dogum akuzâ snagam
- bolg mauhum grushuzâ tûrz ologum / maubolgum grushuzâ ologtûrzum
- za tark ghuruzâ dok
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===== Exercise 2 =====
Translate from Nûrlâm:
- agh burzum lûmpuzâ
- golug shoguzû saubumûk
- golugûrz mau skâtuzû lad
- graz nîn ugluzâ krig nazgûl
- lagum grishuzâ za hrau
- ologum laluzâ
- rogum ronguzâ ash ronk
- tug ghor thrakuzâ mik zrî
- uruk ghâshuzû nîr goim
- ûzûl uruk throkhuzâ karn âps ûnarz
- and the darkness fell
- elves drank all the juice
- elvish warriors came late
- cold water frightened three Nazgûl
- the sword cut the flesh
- the troll laughed
- the demon dug a pit
- only blood brought a little joy
- orcs burned the beautiful city
- green orc has just eaten red meat / green orc was eating red meat recently
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===== See also =====
* [[:lessons|All lessons]]
* [[lessons:commands|Lesson "Verbs: commands and imperatives"]]
* [[lessons:verbs_1|Lesson "Verbs: present tense, 3rd person endings. Simple sentences"]]
* [[lessons:aspects|Lesson "Verbs: aspects"]]
* [[[[:grammar_verb|Grammar of verbs]]